The Manhattan Project
and predecessor organizations
For additional information on research and advocacy leading up to the Manhattan Project, see the "Nuclear Fission, 1938–1942" topic guide.
Contents
Advisory Committee on Uranium, October 1939–June 1940
Committee/Section on Uranium, June 1940–January 1942
National Academy of Sciences review committee, April–November 1941
OSRD Section S-1, January–June 1942
Manhattan Project Timeline, 1942–1943
Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory, 1942
Chicago Metallurgical Project, 1943-1946
Los Alamos Organization, March 1943–August 1944
Los Alamos Organization, August 1944–August 1945
Other Los Alamos Staff in ACAP, 1943–1946
Resources
The official history, Richard G. Hewlett and Oscar E. Anderson, Jr., A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, Volume I: The New World, 1939/1946 (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1962) is a detailed introduction to the various technical and administrative facets of the Manhattan Project.
Also see the well developed history pages at the Los Alamos National Laboratory website, including a large collection of wartime staff badge photos.
Advisory Committee on Uranium, October 1939–June 1940
This ad hoc committee was established in October 1939 by President Franklin Roosevelt to monitor and advise the government and military with respect to research on nuclear fission.
- Chairman: Lyman Briggs
- Colonel Keith Adamson, United States Army
- Commander Gilbert Hoover, United States Navy
In June 1940 a technical subcommittee was added:
Committee/Section on Uranium, June 1940–January 1942
In June 1940 President Roosevelt created the National Defense Research Committee to be chaired by Vannevar Bush. The Advisory Committee on Uranium was absorbed into the NDRC, reorganized, and renamed. Because the NDRC was an explicitly civilian organization, the military members of the committee were dropped. In June 1941 President Roosevelt created the Office of Scientific Research and Development to be directed by Bush. James Conant became head of the NDRC, which was now within the OSRD, and the committee became one of a number of "sections" under the NDRC.
- Chairman: Lyman Briggs (June 1940–January 1942)
- Vice Chairman: George Pegram (June 1940–January 1942)
- Ross Gunn (June 1940–September 1941)
- Merle Tuve (June 1940–September 1941)
- Harold Urey (June 1940–January 1942)
- Jesse Beams (June 1940–January 1942)
- Gregory Breit (September 1941–January 1942)
- Samuel Allison (September 1941–January 1942)
- Edward Condon (September 1941–January 1942)
- Henry Smyth (September 1941–January 1942)
- Lloyd Smith (September 1941–January 1942)
National Academy of Sciences review committee,
April–November 1941
In April 1941 Vannevar Bush asked National Academy of Sciences president Frank Jewett to create a committee to review progress in fission research and advise regarding future work.
- Chairman: Arthur Compton (April to November)
- Ernest Lawrence (April to November)
- John Van Vleck (April to November)
- William Coolidge (April to November)
- Oliver Buckley (June to November)
- L. Warrington Chubb (June to November)
- Warren Lewis (September to November)
- George Kistiakowsky (September to November)
- Robert Mulliken (September to November)
OSRD Section S-1, January–June 1942
In January 1942,Vannevar Bush reorganized the Section on Uranium, renamed Section "S-1", into a vigorous program to drive toward the development of an atomic weapon. The section was removed from the NDRC and made an independent organization within the OSRD. In June 1942, the leaders of Section S-1 became the S-1 "executive committee" responsible for overseeing the relationship betwen the OSRD and what was increasingly an army-directed project.
- Section S-1 Chairman: Lyman Briggs
- NDRC Chairman: James Conant
- Section S-1 Planning Board Chief: Eger Murphree
- Section S-1 Program Chief: Harold Urey
- Section S-1 Program Chief: Ernest Lawrence
- Section S-1 Program Chief: Arthur Compton
Manhattan Project Timeline, 1942–1943
- January 1942: Arthur Compton decides to consolidate research on slow-neutron chain reaction into a new "Metallurgical Laboratory" to be located on the University of Chicago campus.
- March 1942: The OSRD initiates contact with the U. S. Army to turn over construction of bomb production facilities to their authority.
- June 1942: Robert Oppenheimer is placed in charge of fast-neutron research, replacing Gregory Breit. The U. S. Army places Col. James Marshall of the Army Corps of Engineers in charge of constructing production facilities for bomb materials. The Stone and Webster Engineering Corporation is chosen as primary contractor for the project, and the Tennessee River Valley is first considered a strong candidate for a production plant. The Argonne Forest Preserve outside Chicago is slated for the construction of a pilot plant for plutonium production.
- August 1942: The Manhattan Engineer District is established within the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers to oversee the bomb development project.
- September 1942: On September 17, Col. Leslie Groves of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers is placed in charge of the Manhattan Project; Marshall remains the district engineer. On the 23rd, following Groves' promotion to Brigadier General, the posting is made official. Shortly thereafter Groves secures a site at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, near Knoxville, as the site for bomb material production and places DuPont in charge of construction of a plutonium separation facility there in view of doubts about the capabilities of Stone and Webster. DuPont agrees on October 3. It is also decided that the pilot plutonium production plant will be located at Oak Ridge rather than Argonne, which instead will house the Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory's experimental reactor.
- November 1942: Groves and Oppenheimer select a boys' school on a mesa near Los Alamos, New Mexico as the site for a new bomb development laboratory.
- December 1942: On December 2, the experimental pile at the Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory produces a self-sustaining chain reaction.
- January 1943: Hanford, on the Columbia River near Richmond, Washington, is chosen as the site of the Manhattan Project's full-scale plutonium production facility.
- Resources: See the U. S. Department of Energy page on Hanford history. For much further detail, see John M. Findlay and Bruce Hevly, Atomic Frontier Days: Hanford and the American West (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2011).
- February 1943: The experimental pile at the University of Chicago, called CP-1, is shut down and removed to the facility at the Argonne Forest Preserve outside Chicago. The reconstructed and expanded experimental pile, CP-2, goes into operation there in March. On February 25, NDRC Chairman James Conant and Vice Chairman Richard Tolman are officially appointed scientific advisers to Groves, though they had consulted with him since the previous year. They, rather than the S-1 Executive Committee, become Groves' primary points of contact with the OSRD as the OSRD transfers research and development on all basic production processes over to the army.
- March 1943: Robert Oppenheimer and support staff arrive in New Mexico, working out of Santa Fe as construction of the Los Alamos site continues.
Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory, 1942
The Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory was officially established in January 1942 by Section S-1 Program Chief Arthur Compton, and was built up over the spring and summer. Laboratory administration was initially loose, but was steadily tightened over the course of the year, with some changes in titles and responsibilities. The below-listed names are mainly laboratory leadership, but some support staff, marked with a *, are also mentioned because they are in ACAP.
- Leadership
- Project Leader: Arthur Compton
- Administrative Assistant to the Project Leader: Norman Hilberry
- Administrative Officer: Richard Doan
(initially Laboratory Director) - Fast-Neutron Research Coordinator: Gregory Breit
(also Information Chief; resigns May 18)
- Physics Group
- Leader: Enrico Fermi
(initially Laboratory Research Coordinator) - Herbert Anderson
- *Harold Agnew (a research assistant under Anderson)
- Walter Zinn
- Leo Szilard (initially uranium supply coordinator)
- Edward Creutz
- John Manley (experimental assistant to J. R. Oppenheimer)
- George Monk
- Arthur Snell
- Joyce C. Stearns
- Martin Whitaker
- Volney Wilson
- Frank Foote (MIT)
- John Marshall (MIT)
- Leader: Enrico Fermi
- Theoretical Group
- Leader: Eugene Wigner
(initially Laboratory Theoretical Chief) - John Wheeler (also Library Leader)
- Robert Christy
- Francis Friedman
- Emil Konopinski
- Nicholas Metropolis
- Robert Mulliken
- Forest Murray
- Leo Ohlinger
- Gilbert Plass
- Edward Teller
- Alvin Weinberg
- Gale Young
- Hans Bethe (Boston)
- Robert Oppenheimer (Berkeley)
(Fast-Neutron Project Leader from June) - Robert Serber (Berkeley)
- Leader: Eugene Wigner
- Chemical Group
- Leader: Samuel Allison
(initially Laboratory Experimental Chief) - George Boyd
- Milton Burton
- Charles Coryell
- Glenn Seaborg
- *Isadore Perlman (a research assistant under Seaborg)
- Frank Spedding
- Leader: Samuel Allison
- Health Group Leader: R. S. Stone
- Property Leader: A. M. MacMahon
- Procurement Leader: C. A. Tregillus
- Chief Engineer: T. V. Moore
Chicago Metallurgical Project, 1943-1946
In 1943, following the successful completion of an experimental reactor pile, laboratory staff and organization changed markedly as staff moved to the experimental reactor at the nearby Argonne Forest Preserve, to the pilot plutonium production plant and separation facility at Clinton Engineer Works near Oak Ridge, Tennessee, to the Hanford full-scale plutonium production and separation facility in Washington State, and to the new bomb design laboratory at Los Alamos, New Mexico. The below-listed personnel do not comprise a full outline of the organization of the Chicago-area work in this period. However, all personnel who appear in ACAP are included here.
After the war, the Argonne laboratory was retained by the new Atomic Energy Commission, and eventually became the Argonne National Laboratory.
- Project Director: Arthur Compton
- Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory Directors:
- Samuel Allison (June 1943–Nov. 1944)
- Joyce Stearns (Nov. 1944–July 1945)
- Farrington Daniels (July 1945–May 1946)
- Argonne Laboratory Directors:
- Enrico Fermi (1943–1944)
- Walter Zinn (1944–1946)
- Other Personnel in ACAP:
- James Franck (1942–1945)
Director, Chemistry Division (1942–1943)
Associate Project Director (1943–1944)
Consultant (1944–1945) - Norman Hilberry (1942–1946)
Assistant Project Director (1943–1946)
Acting Director, Physics Division (1944) - Glenn Seaborg (1942–1946)
Chief, Plutonium Chemistry Section (1943–1946) - Henry Smyth (1943–1945)
Associate Laboratory Director (1943–1944)
Consultant (1944–1945) - Arthur Dempster (1943–1946)
Director, Physics and Metallurgy Division (1945–1946) - Farrington Daniels (1944–1946)
Assistant Director, Chemistry Division (1944–1945)
Laboratory Director (1945–1946) - Herbert Anderson (1942–1944)
- Eugene Wigner (1942–1945)
- Alvin Weinberg (1942–1945)
- Leo Szilard (1942–1946)
- Julian Schwinger (1943–1943)
- Luis Alvarez (1943–1944)
- Philip Morrison (1943–1944)
- Marvin Goldberger (Army SED, 1943–1945)
- Anthony Turkevich (1943–1945)
- John Simpson, Jr. (1943–1946)
- Leonard Rieser (1944–1944)
- James Franck (1942–1945)
Project Y: Los Alamos Laboratory
- David Hawkins, Project Y: The Los Alamos Story, Part I: Toward Trinity (Los Angeles: Tomash, 1983), originally published in 1961.
- Lillian Hoddeson, Paul W. Henriksen, Roger A. Meade, and Catherine Westfall, et al., Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos during the Oppenheimer Years, 1943-1945 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993)
Research and development surrounding the design of the atomic bomb took place at a laboratory atop a mesa near Los Alamos, New Mexico. After the war the laboratory was retained by the new Atomic Energy Commission primarily as a laboratory for the development of nuclear weaponry. It was renamed the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, before being renamed Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1981. The key sources on the wartime history are:
Los Alamos Organization, March 1943–August 1944
- Laboratory Director: Robert Oppenheimer
- Theoretical Division (formally organized in March 1944)
- Division Leader: Hans Bethe
- Group T-1 (Hydrodynamics of Implosion and Super*)
Leader: Edward Teller (Mar. to June 1944) - Group T-1 (Hydrodynamics of Implosion), from June 1944
Leader: Rudolf Peierls - Group T-2 (Diffusion Theory, IBM Calculations, and Experiments)
Leader: Robert Serber - Group T-3 (Experiments, Efficiency Calculations, and Radiation Hydrodynamics)
Leader: Victor Weisskopf - Group T-4 (Diffusion Problems)
Leader: Richard Feynman - Group T-5 (Computations)
Leader: Donald Flanders - *In June 1944 Teller established theoretical work on the "super" fusion weapon as an independent group
- Experimental Physics Division (organized March 1943)
- Division Leader: Robert Bacher
- Group P-1 (Cyclotron)
Leader: Robert R. Wilson - Group P-2 (Electrostatic Generator)
Leader: John H. Williams - Group P-3 (D-D Source)
Leader: John Manley - Group P-4 (Electronics)
Leader: Darol Froman - Group P-5 (Radioactivity)
Leader: Emilio Segrè - Group P-6 (Detectors), est. Sep. 1943
Leader: Bruno Rossi - Group P-7 (Water Boiler), est. Aug. 1943
Leader: Donald Kerst - In July 1943 a group for improving counters was set up under Hans Staub; in August 1943 a group for improving electronic techniques was set up under Bruno Rossi; in September these were consolidated into Group P-6
- Ordnance and Engineering Division (organized June 1943)
- Division Leader: Cpt. William Parsons, United States Navy
- Deputy Division Leaders (from early 1944):
Edwin McMillan (Gun Program)
George Kistiakowsky (Implosion Program) - Group E-1 (Proving Ground)
Leader: Edwin McMillan - Group E-2 (Instrumentation) Leaders:
Kenneth Bainbridge (June 1943 to early 1944)
Lyman Parratt (1944) - Group E-3 (Fuse Development)
Leader: Robert Brode - Group E-4 (Projectile, Target, and Source)
Leader: Charles Critchfield - Group E-5 (Implosion Experimentation)
Leader: Seth Neddermeyer (June 1943 to June 1944)
George Kistiakowsky (acting, June to Aug. 1944) - Group E-6 (Engineering) Chief Engineers:
George Chadwick (prospective, June to Sep. 1943),
J. L. Hittell (Sep. to Dec. 1943),
P. Esterline (Dec. 1943 to Apr. 1944),
R. Cornog (Apr. to May 1944),
L. D. Bonbrake (May to Aug. 1944) - Group E-7 (Delivery), est. fall 1943
Leader: Norman Ramsey - Group E-8 (Interior Ballistics), est. fall 1943
Leader: Joseph Hirschfelder - Group E-9 (High-Explosive Assemblies), est. early 1944
Leader: Kenneth Bainbridge - Group E-10 (Maintenance and Construction for Implosion Project & S-Site Operation), est. June 1944
Leader: Maj. W. A. Stevens - Group E-11 (RaLa Tests and Electric Detonators), est. June 1944
Leader: Luis Alvarez
- Chemistry and Metallurgy Division (May 1943 to April 1944)
- Acting Division Leader: Joseph Kennedy
- Purification Group, Leader: Clifford Garner
- Radiochemistry Group, Leader: Richard Dodson
- Analysis Group, Leader: Samuel Weissman
- Metallurgy Group, Leader: Cyril Smith
- Chemistry and Metallurgy Division (April 1944 to August 1944)
- Division Leader: Joseph Kennedy
- Associate Division Leader (Metallurgy): Cyril Smith
- Group CM-1 (Health and Safey, Special Services)
Leader: R. H. Dunlap - Group CM-2 (Heat Treating and Metallography)
Leader: F. Stroke - Group CM-3 (Gas Tamper and Gas Liquefaction)
Leader: Earl Long - Group CM-4 (Radiochemistry)
Leader: Richard Dodson - Group CM-5 (Uranium and Plutonium Purification)
Leader: Clifford Garner - Group CM-6 (High-Vacuum Research)
Leader: Samuel Weissman - Group CM-7 (Miscellaneous Metallurgy)
Leader: Claire Balke - Group CM-8 (Uranium and Plutonium Metallurgy)
Leader: Eric Jette - Group CM-9 (Analysis)
Leader: H. A. Potratz - Group CM-10 (Recovery)
Leader: Robert Duffield - Group CM-11 (Uranium Metallurgy), est. June 1944
Leader: Alan Seybolt
Los Alamos Organization, August 1944–August 1945
- Laboratory Director: Robert Oppenheimer
- Associate Laboratory Director: Enrico Fermi
- Associate Laboratory Director: Cpt. William Parsons, United States Navy
- Theoretical Division
- Division Leader: Hans Bethe
- Group T-1 (Implosion Dynamics)
Leader: Rudolf Peierls - Group T-2 (Diffusion Theory)
Leader: Robert Serber - Group T-3 (Efficiency Theory)
Leader: Victor Weisskopf - Group T-4 (Diffusion Problems)
Leader: Richard Feynman - Group T-5 (Computations)
Leader: Donald Flanders - Group T-6 (IBM Computations), est. Sep. 1944
Leaders: Stanley Frankel and Eldred Nelson - Group T-7 (Damage), est. Nov. 1944
Leader: Joseph Hirschfelder - Group T-8 (Composite Weapon), est. May 1945
Leader: George Placzek
- Research Division
- Division Leader: Robert R. Wilson
- Group R-1 (Cyclotron)
Leader: Robert R. Wilson - Group R-2 (Electrostatic Generator)
Leader: John H. Williams - Group R-3 (D-D)
Leader: John Manley - Group R-4 (Radioactivity)
Leader: Emilio Segrè
- F Division
- F Division considered issues outside the main project
- Division Leader: Enrico Fermi
- Group F-1 (Super and General Theory)
Leader: Edward Teller - Group F-2 (Water Boiler)
Leader: L. D. P. King - Group F-3 (Super Experimentation)
Leader: Egon Bretscher - Group F-4 (Fission Studies)
Leader: Herbert Anderson
- Ordnance Division
- Division Leader:
- Group O-1 (Gun)
Leader: Francis Birch - Group O-2 (Delivery)
Leader: Norman Ramsey - Group O-3 (Fuse Development)
Leader: Robert Brode - Group O-4 (Engineering)
Leader: George Galloway - Group O-5 (Calculations)
Leader: Joseph Hirschfelder - Group O-6 (Water Delivery and Exterior Ballistics)
Leader: Maurice Shapiro - Group O-8 (Procurement)
Leader: Lt. Col. R. W. Lockridge
- Weapon Physics Division
- Division Leader: Robert Bacher
- Group G-1 (Critical Assemblies)
Leader: Otto Frisch - Group G-2 (The X-Ray Method)
Leader: Lyman Parratt - Group G-3 (The Magnetic Method)
Leader: Edwin McMillan - Group G-4 (Electronics)
Leader: William Higinbotham - Group G-5 (The Betatron Method)
Leader: Seth Neddermeyer - Group G-6 (The RaLa Method)
Leader: Bruno Rossi - Group G-7 (Electric Detonators)
Leader: Luis Alvarez - Group G-8 (The Electric Method)
Leader: Darol Froman - Group G-10 (Initiator Group)
Leader: Charles Critchfield - Group G-11 (Optics)
Leader: Julian Mack
- Explosives Division
- Division Leader: George Kistiakowsky
- Group X-1 (Implosion Research)
Leader: Commander Norris Bradbury - Group X-1A (Photogoraphy with Flash X-Rays), dissolved May 1945
Leader: Kenneth Greisen - Group X-1B (Terminal Observations)
Leader: Henry Linschitz - Group X-1C (Flash Photography)
Leader: Walter Koski - Group X-1D (Rotating Prism Camera)
Leader: Joseph Hoffman - Group X-1E (Charge Inspection)
Leader: Gerold Tenney - Group X-2 (Development, Engineering, and Tests), dissolved March 1945
Leader: Kenneth Bainbridge - Group X-2A (Engineering), renamed X-2 March 1945
Leader: Robert Henderson - Group X-2B (High Explosives), dissolved March 1945
Leader: Lt. W. F. Schaffer - Group X-2C (Test Measurements), dissolved March 1945
Leader: Lewis Fussell Jr. - Group X-3 (Explosives Development and Production)
Leader: Cpt. Jerome Ackerman - Group X-3A (Experimental Section)
Leader: Lt. J. D. Hopper - Group X-3B (Special Research problems), est. November 1944
Leader: David Gurinsky - Group X-4 (Model Design, Engineering Service, and Consulting), est. October 1944
Leader: Earl Long - Group X-5 (Detonating Circuit), est. March 1945
Leader: Lewis Fussell Jr. - Group X-6 (Assembly and Assembly Tests), est. March 1945
Leader: Commander Norris Bradbury - Group X-7 (Detonator Developments), est. May 1945
Leader: Kenneth Greisen
- Chemistry and Metallurgy Division
- Division Leader: Joseph Kennedy
- Associate Division Leader (Metallurgy): Cyril Smith
- Group CM-1 (Service Group)
Leader: R. H. Dunlap - Group CM-2 (Heat Treatment and Metallography)
Leader: F. Stroke - Group CM-4 (Radiochemistry)
Leader: Lindsay Helmholtz - Group CM-5 (Plutonium Purification)
Leader: Clifford Garner - Group CM-6 (High-Vacuum Research)
Leader: Samuel Weissman - Group CM-7 (Miscellaneous Metallurgy)
Leader: Alan Seybolt - Group CM-8 (Plutonium Metallurgy)
Leader: Eric Jette - Group CM-9 (Analysis)
Leader: H. A. Potratz - Group CM-11 (Uranium Metallurgy)
Leader: S. Marshall - Group CM-12 (Health)
Leader: W. H. Hinch - Group CM-13 (DP Site)
Leader: Joseph Burke - Group CM-14 (RaLa Chemistry)
Leader: Gerhardt Friedlander - Group CM-15 (Polonium)
Leader: Iral Johns - Group CM-16 (Uranium Chemistry)
Leader: Edward Richers
- Project Trinity, est. March 1945
- Project Trinity prepared the test of the plutonium bomb design
- Head: Kenneth Bainbridge
- Consultant (Structures): Roy Carlson
- Consultant (Meteorology): P. E. Church
- Consultant (Physics): Enrico Fermi
- Consultant (Damage): Joseph Hirschfelder
- Consultant (Safety): S. Kershaw
- Consultant (Earth Shock): L. Don Leet
- Consultant (Blast and Shock): William Penney
- Consultant (Physics): Victor Weisskopf
- Consultant: Philip Moon
- Assembly: Commander Norris Bradbury and George Kistiakowsky
- Group TR-1 (Services)
Leader: John H. Williams - Group TR-2 (Blast and Shock)
Leader: John Manley - Group TR-3 (Measurements), renamed Physics
Leader: Robert R. Wilson - Group TR-4 (Meteorology)
Leader: Jack Hubbard - Group TR-5 (Spectrographic and Photographic Measurements)
Leader: Julian Mack - Group TR-6 (Airborne Measurements), renamed Air Blast
Leader: Bernard Waldman - Group TR-7 (Medical)
Leader: Dr. Louis Hempelmann
- Project Alberta, est. March 1945
- Project Alberta prepared for combat use of atomic weapons
- Key personnel on Tinian Island
- Officer-in-Charge: Cpt. William Parsons, United States Navy
- Scientific and Technical Deputy: Norman Ramsey
- Operations Officer and Military Alternate:
Commander Frederick Ashworth - Fat Man Assembly Team Leader: Roger Warner
- Little Boy Assembly Team Leader: Francis Birch
- Fusing Team Leader: Edward Doll
- Electrical Detonator Team Leader:
Lt. Commander E. Stevenson - Pit Team Leaders: Philip Morrison and Charles Baker
- Observation Team Leaders: Luis Alvarez and Bernard Waldman
- Aircraft Ordnance Team Leader: Sheldon Dike
- Special Consultants:
Robert Serber
William Penney
Cpt. James Nolan
In August 1944 the Los Alamos Laboratory was substantially reorganized on account of the infeasibility of a "gun" design for a plutonium bomb on account of the rate of spontaneous fission in that element. The new laboratory organization was geared toward achieving rapid progress with the implosion bomb design.
Other Los Alamos Staff in ACAP, 1943-1946
- Felix Bloch (1943)
- Boyce McDaniel (1943–1945)
- Wolfgang Panofsky (consultant, 1943–1945)
- Harold Agnew (1943–1946)
- Henry Barschall (1943–1946)
- Owen Chamberlain (1943–1946)
- Robert Christy (1943–1946)
- Edward Creutz (1943–1946)
- Robert Duffield (1943–1946)
- Kenneth Case (1944–1945)
- Samuel Allison (1944–1946)
- Herbert Anderson (1944–1946)
- Benjamin Bederson (Army SED, 1944–1946)
- Martin Deutsch (1944–1946)
- Val Fitch (Army SED, 1944–1946)
- Roy Glauber (1944–1946)
- Robert Marshak (1944–1946)
- Maria Goeppert Mayer (1945)
- Jerrold Zacharias (1945)
- Dale Corson (1945–1946)
- Leonard Rieser (1945–1946)
- Leonard Schiff (1945–1946)
- Anthony Turkevich (1945–1946)
- Jerome Wiesner (1945–1946)
