Finding Aid to the Records of the Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment, 1970-1976

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History of the Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment

The Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (MODE) was one of the first large-scale and extensively instrumented field experiments carried out by physical oceanographers. Conducted in two phases between November 1971 and July 1973, the experiment explored the role of mesoscale eddy motions in the dynamics of general oceanic circulation. Henry Stommel of MIT and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) was a driving force behind the plans for the experiment. It was during British oceanographers John Swallow and James Crease's R/V Aries expedition in 1959-1960 that evidence for the existence of energetic, rotating water columns or eddies was obtained. For their experiment, free drifting floats, since known as Swallow floats, were ballasted at 2000 and 4000 meter depths in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean and tracked in an attempt to measure slow drift in deep water. Plans for a mid-ocean dynamics experiment were solidified during a summer panel meeting at WHOI on July 20-24, 1970. Thirteen academic and oceanographic institutions and an international team of oceanographers from the United States, Great Britain, Sweden, and West Germany would later agree to participate in the experiment.

MODE was as much an exercise in organization as it was a scientific experiment. Collective responsibility and authority for the experiment resided in the twenty-one-member MODE Scientific Council, formed in mid-1971. Its membership consisted of the principal investigators from each of the experimental projects and representatives from the MODE Theoretical Panel. In addition, a six-member Executive Committee, two co-chairmen, Allan R. Robinson of Harvard University and Henry Stommel, and an executive officer, Dennis Moore of Nova University, monitored the overall operation of the experiment. Standing committees were created out of a need for cooperation and collective guidance among investigators. A list of Scientific Council and standing committee members is in the Appendix. The National Science Foundation's Office for the Decade of International Ocean Exploration was the principal source of funding for the Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment. Other sources included the Office of Naval Research, the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, and the British National Environmental Research Council.

The intensive MODE-1 field program, carried out between March and July 1973, was the culmination of a sixteen-month theoretical and observational field study known as both MODE-0 and PREMODE. The MODE-1 program was a collection of twelve individual experimental and theoretical scientific projects performed simultaneously, each a substantial experiment in its own right. A list of MODE-1 projects is in the Appendix. The field program for MODE-1 was concentrated in a 600-square-kilometer test site that extended from 28 N 69 40'W, an area in the mid-ocean between Bermuda and Florida.

The duration of MODE-1 was limited by the endurance of the equipment. Six ships, two aircraft, and a variety of new, sophisticated instruments, neutrally buoyant floats, "free fall" velocity profilers, and air-dropped current probes, were utilized for the experiment. The design of the experiment relied on an objective mapping scheme previously developed by meteorologists, and applied to oceanography for this experiment.

A coordinated communications network was necessary to organize the movements of the six-ship MODE fleet, personnel, and instrumentation. Undersea cables were extended from a communications center set up at the Bermuda Biological Station to land lines in the US, making phone communications between ships and participating institutions possible. Termination points were at WHOI, MIT, Harvard, Yale, and Johns Hopkins Universities.

Information critical to the ongoing evolution of the field program, hydrostatic data, float positions, instrumentation launches and recoveries, was relayed daily to the "Hot-Line Center" and disseminated in weekly MODE Hot Line Bulletins and biweekly Mode Hot Line News publications.

MODE-1 generated a massive amount of data. An important component of the experiment was the use of different instruments to measure the same phenomena from dissimilar views. In this way a greater understanding of instrument accuracy could be determined and ultimately synthesized into a description of an eddy. To provide a forum for theoretical and dynamical discussions of the eddy problem and general oceanic circulation, to disseminate synthetic analysis of MODE-1, and to develop a draft for a synoptic atlas, scientists followed MODE-1 with a two-month "Summer Institute" at the University of Rhode Island in July and August of 1974. Discussions with the ten-member USSR delegation at the Summer Institute led to plans for a joint US and USSR experiment, to be called POLYMODE. The goal was to investigate the eddy field not only on the main thermocline, but also in the deep ocean and upper mixed layer.

Two films, "Storms in the Deep Sea" and "The Turbulent Ocean," both made by Centre Films, Inc. of Hollywood, California, document the Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment. The latter film was made for television and aired on the Public Broadcasting System in June of 1974. A third film, the "Recovery of a MODE Mooring" by Adam Gifford and Buoy Group Film, was developed for a presentation to one of the funding agencies, the Office of Naval Research.

Scope and Contents of Collection

The records of the Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment, 1970-1976, document the development, organization, progress, and results of a large-scale, intensive and logistically complicated oceanography program. Robert Heinmiller, a research associate at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) and later coordinator of the succeeding POLYMODE project, collected the MODE records from the working files of Nick P. Fofonoff of WHOI, Executive Officer Dennis Moore, Curt Collins of the National Science Foundation, and Carl Wunsch of MIT.

Information pertaining to the development and organization of MODE can be found in files labeled "Background information" (box 1, folders 1,2). Henry Stommel's correspondence from 1969 to 1974 is particularly valuable (box 2, folder 92; box 3, folders 1,2). His correspondents included an international roster of scientists, many of whom were involved in MODE. His correspondence with Warren S. Wooster, president of the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR), led to the creation of a SCOR working group which examined the merits of such an experiment (also see box 2, folder 47, SCOR correspondence). More information about the development of MODE can be found in the minutes of the Scientific Council (box 3, folders 22-29) and in the action items, agendas, and minutes of the Executive Committee (box 3, folders 30-33).

The Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment occurred in two phases, a sixteen-month pilot program called MODE-0 or PREMODE, and MODE-1, an intensive four-month field program. Information regarding the PREMODE program can be found in A Plan for U.S. Participation in the Mid-Ocean Dynamical Experimentation: volume I, January 1971, The Experiment 1971-1973 and [volume II], March 1971, Research Proposal Submitted to the NSF/IDOE by WHOI (box 1, folders 22, 23). A list of PREMODE projects with a brief description and assigned number can be found in box 1, folder 33 along with reviewer questions and comments from the National Science Foundation's Office for the Decade of International Ocean Exploration (NSF/IDOE), the principal funding agency.

Additional information about PREMODE (and the later MODE-1) can be found in several subseries in the administrative records, proposals (box 1, folders 43-123; box 2, folders 1,2), reports (box 2, folders 6-46), and staff records (box 2, folders 48-92; box 3 folders 1-16). The proposals and staff records have been arranged alphabetically by principal investigator. The staff files contain correspondence and papers authored by principal investigators. Included in the reports subseries are progress reports dating from 1970 to 1973 with information about equipment testing and field observations, and a draft of a MODE-0 Atlas (1973) which contains papers, data, and summaries by various investigators (box 2, folder 42). Presentations of the results of MODE-0 experiments were given by investigators at the Scientific Council meeting of January 18-19, 1973, as was a review of the overall data analysis program (box 5, cassette tapes).

More information regarding proposals funded by the NSF/IDOE and the overall administration of the MODE program can be found in the NSF/IDOE correspondence file (box 1, folder 30). The bulk of the NSF/IDOE correspondence was authored by Worth D. Nowlin, Jr. of Texas A & M University, who was acting deputy head of, and later consultant to, the NSF/IDOE.

Final strategy statements for the MODE-1 field program were presented for discussion by principal investigators at the October 1972 Scientific Council meeting, and an overall plan for implementation of the field program was formulated (box 1, folder 24). The plan was revised as MODE-1: The Program and The Plan in March 1973 (box 1, folder 26). More information regarding the field program can be found in notes and correspondence of the various standing committees: Density Committee; Ship Needs and Scheduling Committee; and the Theoretical Panel (box 3, folders 34-45), as well as the MODE-1 Operations Handbook (February 1973, box 3, folder 58). A sampling of raw data, information regarding the tracking of specific temperature isotherms from March 11-June 3, 1973 and ships' data summary sheets, is available in box 3, folders 46-49 of Series III. Information about the ships used during the field experiment, including personnel lists, schedule revisions, and summaries of operations can be found in box 3, folders 59-66. Also, summaries of ships' progress, and work proposed and carried out, can be found in the weekly Mode Hot Line Bulletins and biweekly MODE Hot Line News (box 3, folders 69,70; box 4, folders 1-7). The latter has a cumulative index by subject and author, and a list of articles in each issue is provided in box 4, folder 8.

Much of the raw data from the experiment was incorporated into the Atlas of the Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (1977, Institute Archives' Tech Collection) along with each investigator's analysis of his method for data acquisition and handling. The publication documents MODE-1 and some of the succeeding post-MODE experiments, such as the tracking of some "SOFAR" floats beyond the five-month MODE-1 timetable. The MODE Atlas is arranged by project with data given on common base charts when possible, to facilitate comparison. A list of MODE published papers with abstracts is included as an appendix.

Organization of Collection

Organized into the following series: I. Administrative Records; II. Scientific Council and Standing Committees; III. Field Experiment; IV. Publications and Related Materials

Access to Collection

In accordance with MIT policy, there are restrictions on access to portions of this collection. Researchers may request permission to use restricted materials. Consult the Institute Archivist for further information.

Restrictions on Use of Collection

Requests for permission to publish material from the collection should be directed to the Institute Archivist.

Provenance and Acquisition Information

The records of the Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment were given to the Institute Archives by Robert Heinmiller in two accessions in 1980 (accession number 80-26) and 1982 (accession number 82-31).

Processing Information

This collection was processed by Deborah Shea in September 1986.

The processing of this collection was funded by a grant from the United States Department of Education, Title II-C.

The records of the Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment came to the Institute Archives in two accessions in 1980 and 1982. During processing the collection was reduced from fifteen cubic feet to four by discarding duplicate materials, financial records, and publications not authored by MODE participants. Forty charts and six inches of raw data presented the primary appraisal issues. The raw data consisted of bulletins and reports referring to float positions, moorings, isotherms, geostrophic velocity calculations, ships' summaries, and work proposed and work carried out during the MODE-I experiment. As this raw data was recapitulated in weekly MODE Hot Line Bulletins, only a sampling was retained in the collection. Also discarded were ten charts for which there were no descriptions of indicated data points, nor were dates or test site locations provided.

Six inches of materials pertaining to the POLYMODE project, 1973-1980, were added to the Institute Archives POLYMODE collection.

The appraisal of this collection was carried out in consultation with Robert Heinmiller, a research associate at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution during MODE.

Other Related Materials

Additional information about the subsequent Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment can be found in the Institute Archives' POLYMODE records, 1973-1981.

Container List

Series I. Administrative Records
		Background information:
Box 1	Folder 1		Recommendations concerning a Russian proposal for an international oceanographic expedition; a proposal for a four year buoy experiment; papers, re: oceanography, MODE-I, scientific objectives, 1962, 1965, 1970.
	Folder 2		August 1971, A Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment: MODE-I l971-l974, The MODE Scientific Council
		Correspondence:
Box 1	Folder 3		1971-1973, re: associated research projects
	Folder 4		l972-l974
	Folder 5		1975, 1977-1978, re: MODE publications
	Folder 6		1976-1978, re: Atlas of the Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (MODE-I), Valery Lee, co-editor
	Folder 7	Department of the Navy, Office of Naval Research, correspondence, comments on PREMODE proposals, 1971-1973
	Folder 8	Financial, list of projects and funding sources, correspondence, 1971-1973
		Hot-Line Center, Bermuda Biological Station:
Box 1	Folder 9		n.d., MODE logo
	Folder 10		1971-1973, correspondence, procedures, distribution list
	Folder 11		March 1973, "MODE-I Communications Manual"
	Folder 12	Management Information System, data guidelines, symbol codes for MODE diagrams, report, 1971
		Meetings and Symposia:
Box 1	Folder 13		March 30, 1970, Preliminary meeting on engineering aspects of the MODE program, Carl Wunsch's notes
	Folder 14		November 19-20, 1970, "A meeting for discussion 'Ocean Currents and their Dynamics,'" program
	Folder 15		June 1971, Review of MODE-I, notes, report, list of proposals and principal investigators
	Folder 16		October 17-20, 1972, Numerical Models of Ocean Circulation Symposium, announcement, agenda
	Folder 17		July 11, 1973, POLYMODE discussion meeting at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, minutes
	Folder 18		September-October 1973, Workshop on the role of the ocean in predicting climates, program
	Folder 19		September 15-16, 1973, Novosibirsk, USSR, MODE-I presentation, draft of speech by William Schmitz
	Folder 20		April 8-12, 1974, American Geophysical Union Annual Meeting, abstract, program
		MODE-0:
Box 1	Folder 21		Ocean Science News, October 23, 1970, description of PREMODE projects, instrumentation needs
			A Plan for U.S. Participation in Mid-Ocean Dynamical Experimentation:
Box 1	Folder 22			Volume I, January 15, 1971, The Experiment 1971-1973
	Folder 23			[Volume 2], March 1971, Research Proposal Submitted NSF/IDOE by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution for Participation in the Preliminary Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment
		MODE-I:
Box 1	Folder 24		October 1972, MODE-I: The Plan for the Field Experiment
	Folder 25		October 12, 1972, "Final Strategy Statements"
	Folder 26		March l973, MODE-I: The Program and the Plan
		National Academy of Engineering Marine Board:
Box 1	Folder 27		[1973?] "MODE-I, An Engineering Case Study of the Moored Systems," Edward Kolbe, author
	Folder 28	National Institute of Oceanography, Wormley, England, contributions to PREMODE, MODE-I, 1971-1973
	Folder 29	National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Correspondence, 1971-1973
		National Science Foundation, Office for International Decade of Ocean Exploration (NSF/IDOE):
Box 1	Folder 30		1970-1974, correspondence, diary notes
	Folder 31		1971-1975, correspondence, budget and fiscal reports
	Folder 32		March 4, 1971, Joint NSF/IDOE and Office of Naval Research (ONR) meeting re: PREMODE, correspondence
	Folder 33		March-August 1971, proposed grants for PREMODE, project descriptions, budget, comments, questions
	Folder 34		October 1971, International Decade of Ocean Exploration, summary of projects
	Folder 35		October 31, 1972, NSF/IDOE review of MODE project, correspondence, transcription of tape of meeting
	Folder 36		March 5-6, 1973, Joint NSF/IDOE and ONR review of MODE-I program, correspondence, agenda, notes
	Folder 37		November 27, 1973 Joint NSF/IDOE and ONR review of MODE, agenda, correspondence
	Folder 38		October 1974, Joint NSF/IDOE and ONR review of MODE, memorandum
	Folder 39		October 1976, "Evaluation of the International Decade of Ocean Exploration, a National Science Foundation Research Program," Harbridge House, Inc., and J.D. Costlow, D.R. Kester, F.P. Manheim, and D.S. Polis, authors.
		Participants:
Box 1	Folder 40		Directory of MODE participants, news distribution lists, 1973-1974
	Folder 41		Foreign participation in MODE, by country, correspondence, 1971-1973
	Folder 42		Russian participation in MODE, correspondence,
		Proposals:
			D. James Baker, principal investigator:
Box 1	Folder 43			[1971], "Deep Sea Pressure Measurements by Harvard University Division of Engineering and Applied Physics. MODE-I -- Project #6," submitted to the Office of Naval Research (ONR)
	Folder 44			December 1971, from Harvard University, "Deep-Sea Pressure Measurements in the PREMODE Experiment," submitted to NSF/IDOE
	Folder 45			December 1971, Harvard University, Supplemental proposal for "Deep-Sea Pressure Measurements in the MODE-I Experiment," NSF/IDOE
	Folder 46			May 1973, University of Washington, Seattle, Measurement of long term abyssal pressure and temperature fluctuations in the Sargasso Sea -- an extention of MODE-I field program, reviews, NSF/IDOE
	Folder 47		Alvin Bradshaw, Karl Schleicher, principal investigators, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), October 1972, "MODE-I Instrument Calibration," ONR and NSF/IDOE
			Francis P. Bretherton, principal investigator, Johns Hopkins University:
Box 1	Folder 48			July 1971, "An Exploratory Study of Synoptic Maps for PREMODE," NSF/IDOE
	Folder 49			Part II July 1972, "An Exploratory Study of Synoptic Maps for MODE-I," NSF/IDOE
	Folder 50			February 1973, "Synoptic Maps for MODE-I," NSF/IDOE
	Folder 51			July 1973, "Towards a MODE-I Synthesis," NSF/IDOE
			Charles S. Cox, principal investigator, Scripps Institute of Oceanography:
Box 1	Folder 52			January 1972, Electric and Magnetic Measurments on Bermuda and Magnetic Measurements on the Bahamas in Support of MODE-I, NSF/IDOE
				With Robert L. Parker:
Box 1	Folder 53				November 1970, Sea Bottom Electric Studies in the Sargasso Sea, NSF/IDOE
	Folder 54				March 1971, "Preparation for Sargasso Sea Studies of Electric Field," NSF/IDOE
				With Robert L. Parker and Victor Vacquier:
Box 1	Folder 55				July 1971, "Electromagnetic Studies of the Ocean Lithosphere and of the Ocean Water Currents at the MODE-I Site," NSF/IDOE
			Russ E. Davis, Walter H. Munk, Scripps, co-investigators:
Box 1	Folder 56			July 1972, "Analysis of MODE-I Current Meter Array," NSF/IDOE
					With Myrl C. Hendershott:
Box 1	Folder 57					July 1972, "MODE Array Design as an Inverse Problem," NSF/IDOE; with correspondence, review
	Folder 58					April 1973, renewal of "MODE Array Design as an Inverse problem," proposal application
			Russ E. Davis, Myrl C. Hendershott and Greg Holloway, co-investigators:
Box 1	Folder 59			April 1974, "Dynamics of Large Scale Ocean Eddies, Verification of Eddy Dynamics from Incomplete Data and Mean Flow Interaction," MODE-I Theoretical Panel (a brief review of this proposal is contained in correspondence of the Theoretical Panel, box 3, folder 44)
			Nick P. Fofonoff, principal investigator, WHOI:
Box 1	Folder 60			August 1970, "A Proposal for Participation by the Moored Array Group at WHOI," [ONR]
				With William J. Schmitz, Jr., Ferris Webster:
Box 1	Folder 61				January 1971, Proposal for participation in "Preliminary Mid Ocean Dynamics Experiments During the International Decade of Ocean Exploration," NSF/IDOE
	Folder 62				June 1972, Supplemental funds for "WHOI Moored Current Meter Array during MODE-I," NSF/IDOE
	Folder 63				November 1972, Supplemental Funds for "WHOI Moored Current Meter Array during MODE-I," NSF/IDOE
	Folder 64				January 1973, Supplemental Funds for "WHOI Moored Current Meter Array during MODE-I," NSF/IDOE
			Donald V. Hansen, principal investigator, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (NOAA):
Box 1	Folder 65			December 1972, Funds in support of the Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (MODE) Density Program, NSF/IDOE
				With James Crease:
Box 1	Folder 66				May 1972, Funds requested in support of the MODE Density Program, memoranda, NSF/IDOE
				With Richard Scarlett, Ants Leetmaa:
Box 1	Folder 67				February 1972, Funds requested in support of "Shipboard measurements of the Density Field for MODE-I," NSF/IDOE
				With Carl Wunsch:
Box 1	Folder 68				[1972?] Funds in support of measurements of the Density Field for MODE-I, appendix, NSF/IDOE
	Folder 69		Klaus F. Hasselman, principal investigator: May 1971, WHOI, "Investigation of Interactions between Short Internal Gravity Waves and Large Scale Motions in the Ocean," additional mathematical details, correspondence, NSF/IDOE
			Myrl C. Hendershott, principal investigator, Scripps:
Box 1	Folder 70			May 1971, "Development and Use of 64x64 Barotropic Site Evaluation Model for PREMODE Experiment," rough copy
	Folder 71			May 1971, "Numerical Evaluation of Suggested PREMODE Sites," NSF/IDOE
			Eli Katz, Richard T. Nowak, principal investigators, WHOI:
Box 1	Folder 72			August 1971, "Observations of an Isopycnal Surface," NSF/IDOE
	Folder 73			February 1972, "Observations of an Isopycnal Surface," NSF/IDOE
	Folder 74		Delbar P. Keily, principal investigator, MIT: December 1970 "Meteorological Instrumentation and Observations for the PREMODE and MODE Ocean Circulation Programs," NSF/IDOE
			John A. Knauss, principal investigator, University of Rhode Island:
Box 1	Folder 75			December 1973, "Supplementary MODE Funds," NSF/IDOE
				With Wilton Sturges:
Box 1	Folder 76				September 1971, A Proposal to the NSF for Participation in the MODE from the University of Rhode Island, NSF/IDOE
	Folder 77		Dennis W. Moore, Pearn P. Niiler, principal investigators, Nova University: n.d., "The Production of Mesoscale Oceanic Motions by Athmospheric Forcing over Strong Topographic Features," NSF/IDOE
			Walter H. Munk, Frank E. Snodgrass, co-investigators, Institute of Geophysics and Planetery Physics, La Jolla, California:
Box 1	Folder 78			December 1970, "Fluctuations in the Abyssal Pressure and Temperature Field," correspondence, NSF/IDOE
	Folder 79			May 1971, "Oceanography Bottom-Up" (Continuation of Research), ONR
	Folder 80		Ocean Dynamics Group, University of New Hampshire, Asim Yildiz, principal investigator: April 1974, "An Informal Proposal on Vortex Generation and Vortex Dynamics," correspondence, MODE-I Theoretical Panel (a brief review is contained in correspondence of the Theoretical Panel, box 3, folder 4
	Folder 81		Theodore E. Pochapsky, principal investigator: March 1971, Columbia University, "Measurements of Deep Ocean Current Profiles," reviewer comments, NSF/IDOE
			William S. Richardson, principal investigator, Nova University:
Box 1	Folder 82			August 1970, Proposal for exploratory velocity measurements as part of the PREMODE experiment, correspondence, NSF/IDOE
	Folder 83			1971, "Oceanic Current Measurements from Aircraft as part of the PREMODE Experiment," NSF/IDOE
	Folder 84			n.d., Supplemental Proposal for Ocean Current Measurements from Aircraft as part of the MODE, NSF/IDOE
			Peter Rhines, principal investigator:
Box 1	Folder 85			July 1971, University of Cambridge, England, "A Proposal for Theoretical and Practical Study of a Turbulent, Quasi-Geostrophic Ocean Interior," correspondence, NSF/IDOE
	Folder 86			March 1972, University of Cambridge, "A Proposal for Continued Theoretical and Practical Study of a Turbulent, Quasi-Geostrophic Ocean Interior," NSF/IDOE
	Folder 87			April 1973, WHOI, "Theory and Computer Experiments on Oceanic Eddies and Waves, and Analysis of Field Observations," correspondence, NSF/IDOE
	Folder 88			July 1974, renewal request for "Theory and Computer Experiments on Oceanic Eddies and Waves, and Analysis of Field Observations," NSF/IDOE, (a brief review is contained in correspondence of theTheoretical Panel, box 3, folder 44)
			Allan R. Robinson, principal investigator, Harvard University:
Box 1	Folder 89			1971, Proposal for Block Funding of Theoretical Studies and Numerical Models, PREMODE, correspondence, NSF/IDOE
	Folder 90			March 1972, Informal proposal for continued support of the Harvard Project and general expenses of the Theoretical Panel, to NSF and MODE-I Theoretical Panel
	Folder 91			July 1972, "The Harvard Project -- Analytical and Numerical Studies of Mesoscale Motions and General Expenses of the MODE-I Theoretical Panel," NSF/IDOE
	Folder 92			1973? Proposal for continued support of the Harvard Project and general expenses of the Theoretical Panel, NSF/IDOE, 1973?
	Folder 93			April 1974, "The Harvard Project -- Analytical and Numerical Studies of Mesoscale Motions and General Expenses of the MODE-I Theoretical Panel," NSF/IDOE (a brief review of this proposal is contained in Theoretical Panel correspondence, box 3, folder 44 )
	Folder 94		C. Rooth, W. Duing, principal investigators, University of Miami: 1970 Quasi-Lagrangian Observations in the Layer of Maximum Static Stability," PREMODE, 1970
			Thomas Rossby, principal investigator, Yale University:
Box 1	Folder 95			January 1971, Participation in the PREMODE Experiment of the International Decade of Ocean Exploration, NSF/IDOE
	Folder 96			1973, Continuation of funding for "The SOFAR Float Program and the Inverted Echo Sounder Program," NSF/IDOE
	Folder 97			1973, "Supplementary Proposal for a Study of Dispersion in the Deep Ocean and for Completion of Our Data Analysis of the MODE-I Experiment during August 1973 - December 1974," NSF/IDOE
	Folder 98		Thomas B. Sanford, principal investigator, WHOI: October 1973, "Development of a Free-fall E-M Velocity Profiler Suitable for Oceanographic Use," NSF/IDOE
	Folder 99		William F. Simmons, Bruce A. Warren, principal investigators, WHOI: 1973 Proposal for a Biology Program within MODE, comments, correspondence, NSF/IDOE
			Henry M. Stommel, principal investigator, MIT:
Box 1	Folder 100			May 1970, Proposal for renewal of grant GA12773, Research in Ocean Physics, NSF
	Folder 101			July 1971, "Administration of PREMODE," NSF/IDOE
	Folder 102			January 1972, "Supplemental Proposal for the Administration of MODE-I," correspondence, NSF/IDOE
	Folder 103			January 1973, "Supplemental Proposal for the Administration of MODE-I," NSF/IDOE
	Folder 104			June 1974, "Proposal for Supplemental Funding to Cover Production Overages in the MODE Film 'The Turbulent Ocean,'" NSF/IDOE
				With Valery E. Lee:
Box 1	Folder 105				June 1975, "Publication of Mode-I Synoptic Atlas and Data Inventory," NSF/IDOE
				With Dennis W. Moore:
Box 1	Folder 106				December 1971, Proposal Requesting Ship-time on the R/V Eastward during the Period 1972-1973, Cooperative Oceanographic Program of Duke University
	Folder 107				January 1973, Renewal proposal for ship-time on R/V Eastward during the period June - July 1973, Cooperative Oceanographic Program of Duke University
				With Carl Wunsch:
Box 1	Folder 108				September 1970, Proposal for Participation in the MODE Experiment of the International Decade for Ocean Exploration, NSF/IDOE
	Folder 109		Wilton Sturges, principal investigator, Florida State University: 1973, Proposal from Florida State University for Participation in the MODE, NSF/IDOE
			Arthur D. Voorhis, principal investigator, WHOI:
Box 1	Folder 110			November 1970, Proposal for Participation in the PREMODE Experiment, NSF/IDOE
				With Douglas C. Webb:
Box 1	Folder 111				March 1972, "The SOFAR Float Experiment," NSF/IDOE
			Robert G. Walden, principal investigator, WHOI:
Box 1	Folder 112			November 1970, "Proposal for Moored Hydrophone Recording and Telemetering System for SOFAR Float Tracking for the PREMODE Experiment," NSF/IDOE
				With Henri O. Berteaux:
Box 1	Folder 113				December 1971, " Grand Turk I. SOFAR Float Tracking Station for Expanded North Atlantic Coverage and an Emergency Portable Station," NSF/IDOE
	Folder 114				February 1972, Supplemental funding for Grand Turk I. SOFAR Float Tracking Station for Expanded North Atlantic Coverage and an Emergency Portable Station," NSF/IDOE
			Douglas C. Webb, principal investigator, WHOI:
Box 1	Folder 115			November 1970, Proposal for Participation in the PREMODE Experiment, NSF/IDOE
	Folder 116			July 1973, "Long Range Floats," proposal for four programs for monitoring floats after MODE-I field program, NSF/IDOE
			Ferris Webster, principal investigator, WHOI:
Box 1	Folder 117			March 1972, "MODE-I Hot Line," correspondence, NSF/IDOE
	Folder 118			November 1973, "MODE Hot Line News," NSF/IDOE
	Folder 119		Pierre Welander, principal investigator, WHOI: July 1971, "A Theoretical-Numerical Study of Geostrophic Eddy Motions in the Ocean," NSF/IDOE
	Folder 120		Mark Wimbush, principal investigator, Nova University: n.d., "Density Structure near the Ocean Bottom as Part of the PREMODE Experiment," NSF/IDOE
			Carl Wunsch, principal investigator, MIT:
Box 1	Folder 121			1971, Proposal for Participation in the MODE Experiment of the International Decade for Ocean Exploration in the MIT Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences (MITDEPS), NSF/IDOE
	Folder 122			January 1972, Renewal of the grant GX29034 (NSF): Participation in the MODE Experiment of the International Decade for Ocean Exploration in the MITDEPS, NSF/IDOE
	Folder 123			July 1973, "Acceleration and Continuation of the grant GX29034 (NSF): Participation in the MODE Experiment of the International Decade for Ocean Exploration in the MITDEPS," NSF/IDOE
Box 2	Folder 1			May 1974, "Acceleration and Continuation of the grant GX29034 (NSF): Participation in the MODE Experiment of the International Decade for Ocean Exploration," NSF/IDOE
				With John Dahlen:
Box 2	Folder 2				1971, Renewal proposal in support of Internal Wave Telescope in the MITDEPS, ONR
	Folder 3	Publicity 1971-1976
	Folder 4	Photographs [1973?]
	Folder 5	MODE publication questionnaires, memoranda, 1974-1975
		Reports:
Box 2	Folder 6		n.d., Report of the Reynolds Stress Committee
	Folder 7		September-November 1970, "Minimode" and "Second Thoughts on Minimode," John Swallow
	Folder 8		[1971], Report of the Density Committee
	Folder 9		[1971], Report from the Float Committee
	Folder 10		June 1971, Progress Report on Johns Hopkins University Baroclinic Model, Francis P. Bretherton
	Folder 11		July 1971, "First Report of the Data Analysis Committee," Ferris Webster (chairman), James Churgin, Carl Wunsch
	Folder 12		July 1971, Report from the Pilot Observation Committee
	Folder 13		July 1971, Report of the Ship Needs Committee, Nick P. Fofonoff (chairman), Donald Hansen, Wilton Sturges, John C. Swallow
	Folder 14		July 1971, "The MODE-I Benthic Family of Bottom-Living Instruments," report and summary from the Bottom Array Subcommittee, D. James Baker (chairman)
	Folder 15		August 1971, "Bottom Roughness Effects," Peter Rhines, James McWilliams
	Folder 16		August 1971, "Existing Oceanographic Data Pertaining to the MODE-I Observation Experiment," collected at Harvard University by Committee on Existing Data
	Folder 17		September 1971, Report on Project #25: "Observations of an Isopycnal Surface," Eli Katz, Richard Nowak
	Folder 18		November 1971, Progress Report on "The Harvard Deep-Sea Pressure Gauge," D. James Baker, Jr.
	Folder 19		December 1971, Report of the MODE Committee on Navigation and Communication
	Folder 20		December 1971, "Report on MODE-0 Progress to Date," Dennis Moore
	Folder 21		[1972?], "Synotic and Statistical Signatures," by the MODE-I Theoretical Panel
	Folder 22		January 1972, "Progress Report to the MODE Theoretical Panel," Francis P. Bretherton
	Folder 23		January 1972, "Progress Report: Internal Wave Studies, MODE," Klaus Hasselman
	Folder 24		January 1972, "Barotropic Site Evaluation Model," Myrl Hendershott
	Folder 25		January 1972, "MODE Progress Report: 1 July 1971 - 1 January 1972," Peter Rhines
	Folder 26		January 1972, "Progress Report on the Work Carried out under NSF Grant No. GX30793: 20 August 1971 - 15 January 1972," Pierre Welander
	Folder 27		February 1972, "Linear Quasigeostropic Wave Theory -- Two-layer Model Summary Report," Allan R. Robinson
	Folder 28		February 1972, Ship Needs Committee Report
	Folder 29		March 1972, "Report on and Request for Continued Support of Theoretical/ Numerical Studies -- MODE-I," Allan R. Robinson (chairman), MODE Theoretical Panel
	Folder 30		March 1972, "Forced Transient Floe over Topography," James McWilliams
	Folder 31		July 1972, Planning Statements and Progress Reports, The MODE Scientific Council
	Folder 32		August 1972, "Current Meter Operations for MODE-I -- A Summary," Robert Heinmiller
	Folder 33		August 1972, Density Committee Report, Carl Wunsch
	Folder 34		August 1972, "The Design of MODE-I," a report from the Array Committee
	Folders 35-36		August 1972, "Dynamics and the Design of MODE-I," the MODE-I Theoretical Panel
	Folder 37		August 1972, "On the Choice of Overall Scale of the MODE-I Region," Pierre Welander
	Folder 38		August 1972, Report on Float Srategy
	Folder 39		September 1972, "A Plan for the Field Experiment," a report from the Homework Group
	Folder 40		October 1972, Summary of Progress Reports by Project
	Folder 41		October 1972, MODE Data Analysis Committee Report, Ferris Webster, James Churgin, James Crease, Carl Wunsch
	Folder 42		[1973], MODE-0 Atlas, draft
	Folder 43		February 1973, Progress Report, NSF Proposal #GX28846A1, "Deep Sea Pressure Measurements and Atmospheric Measurements in the MODE-1 Experiment," D. James Baker
	Folder 44		August 1974, Report of the US POLYMODE Organizing Committee and the USSR POLYMODE Group
	Folder 45		December 1974, "MODE-1 Data Inventory"
	Folder 46		[1975?] "High Frequency" Report, William Simmons, editor, includes four observational studies
	Folder 47		Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research, Warren Wooster, president, correspondence, 1969-1971
		Staff:
			Baker, D. James, Jr.:
Box 2	Folder 48			1970-1973, budget summaries,correspondence, proposal reviews
	Folder 49			November 1973, NORPAX proposal to ONR for "An Experiment to Monitor the Transport of the Kuroshio Current"
			Bretherton, Francis:
Box 2	Folder 50			1971-1972, correspondence, notes
				with Michael Karweit:
Box 2	Folder 51				n.d., "A Multi-level Quasi-geostrophic Model of the Mesoscale Ocean Currents"
	Folder 52				n.d., "Synoptic Signatures -Six Level Model"
	Folder 53		Cox, Charles, 1970-1971, correspondence, notes on electric field measurements
	Folder 54		Crease, James, 1972-1973, correspondence
	Folder 55		Dahlen, John, 1972, correspondence
	Folder 56		Filloux, Jean, 1972-1973, correspondence
			Fofonoff, Nick P.:
Box 2	Folder 57			n.d., data on arrays, vectors, velocity, temperature
	Folders 58-59			1970-1974, memoranda, notes from meetings of Executive Committee, Theoretical Panel
	Folder 60		Hansen, Donald, 1971-1973, correspondence
	Folder 61		Harvey, Robert, December 1972 - January 1973, correspondence, description and budget for electric field experiment
	Folder 62		Hasselman, Klaus, 1971-1972, correspondence, notes on the interaction of gravity waves and larger scale motions in the ocean
	Folder 63		Heinmiller, Robert, 1971, 1973, "Guidelines for Mooring Work Outside Project 241-11"
			Hendershott, Myrl C.:
Box 2	Folder 64			1971-1972, correspondence
	Folder 65			with David Behringer, n.d., "Synoptic Signatures"
	Folder 66		Hoadley, Lloyd "Tex," consulting engineer, 1973, "speed" letters, report regarding equipment repairs
	Folder 67		Karweit, Michael, n.d., note regarding "MODE 10 isotherm filmstrip"
	Folder 68		Katz, Eli, 1971-1973, correspondence
	Folder 69		Knauss, John A., 1970-1971, correspondence, ship schedule for R/V TRIDENT
	Folder 70		Leetmaa, Ants, 1972-1973, correspondence
			Moore, Dennis W.:
Box 2	Folder 71			1971-1973, correspondence
	Folder 72			March 9-July 21,1973, MODE-1 Log Book
	Folder 73		Munk, Walter H., 1970-1973, correspondence
	Folder 74		Pochapsky, Theodore E., 1971-1973, correspondence
	Folder 75		Pollard, Raymond, T., 1971, program outline for Air-Sea Interaction Project
			Rhines, Peter:
Box 2	Folder 76			1971-1972, correspondence, computations, comments on the Aries Observations
	Folder 77			January 1972, "Topographic Rossby Waves in a Rough-Bottomed Ocean"
	Folder 78			June 1972, "Observations of the Energy-Containing Oceanic Eddies, and Theoretical Models of Waves and Turbulence"
	Folder 79		Richardson, William S., 1971-1972, correspondence
			Robinson, Allan R.:
Box 2	Folder 80			1970-1973, correspondence
	Folder 81			with James C. McWilliams, n.d., "Synoptic Signatures for Quasigeostrophic, Mesoscale Waves"
			Rossby, H. Thomas:
Box 2	Folder 82			n.d., "Free-fall Instruments"
	Folder 83			1971-1972, 1974, correspondence
	Folder 84		Sanford, Thomas, 1971-1973, correspondence, meeting report
	Folder 85		Sankey, Trevor, October 1971, "A note on the Processing of STD and Waterbottle Data" (salinity, temperature, depth)
	Folder 86		Scarlet, Richard, 1971-1973, correspondence, "Some Comments on rc"
	Folder 87		Schmitz, William J., 1971, 1973, memoranda
	Folder 88		Seaver, George A., 1973-1975, notes, correspondence, preliminary plan for an "XBT" survey of the world's oceans for mesoscale eddies
	Folder 89		Shulman, Elliot, 1971, correspondence
	Folder 90		Snodgrass, Frank E., 1971, correspondence
	Folder 91		Spackman, [ ], [1972], "Special to the Science Foundation, Science A La MODE"
			Stommel, Henry:
Box 2	Folder 92			1958, 1969-1970, correspondence
Box 3	Folder 1			1971-1972, correspondence
	Folder 2			1973-1974, correspondence
	Folder 3			August 1973, "First Steps Toward the Design of an Oceanographic Program in the Indian Ocean During the First Global Gap Experiment"
	Folder 4		Sturges, Wilton, 1970-1973, notes, correspondence
	Folder 5		Swallow, John, 1970-1973, correspondence
	Folder 6		Swift, Elijah, 1973, Description of program to measure and describe eddy motions in the Sargasso Sea, 1973
	Folder 7		Thompson, Rory, 1972, "Generation of Stochastic Processes with Given Spectrum," strategyfor a moored array
	Folder 8		Voorhis, Arthur, 1973, correspondence
	Folder 9		Walden, Robert G., 1971-1973, correspondence
	Folder 10		Webb, Douglas C., 1970, 1974, brief description of Swallow Float Tracking in PREMODE, memoranda
			Webster, Ferris:
Box 3	Folder 11			1969-1974, correspondence
	Folder 12			1970, "A Review of Studies of Ocean Variability Mechanisms"
	Folder 13		Welander, Pierre, 1971, correspondence
	Folder 14		Wilmot, Wayne, 1971, notes on Thermocline problem
	Folder 15		Wimbush, Mark, 1971, correspondence
	Folder 16		Wunsch, Carl, 1971, 1973-1974, correspondence
		Summer Institute, University of Rhode Island, 1974:
Box 3	Folder 17		schedule, correspondence list of committee members
	Folder 18		July-August, POLYMODE PlanningMeeting minutes, POLYMODE Organizing Committee and USSR POLYMODE Group minutes and conclusion statement
	Folder 19		"The Blue Plan," joint US, USSR project
	Folder 20	University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System research ships requirement survey, 1973
	Folder 21	Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1970-1975, correspondence, memoranda, newsletter

Series II. Scientific Council And Standing Committees
		Scientific Council, meetings:
Box 3	Folder 22		July 7-9, 1971, minutes
	Folder 23		October 7-9, 1971, minutes, agenda, list of participants
	Folder 24		October 22, 1971, minutes
	Folder 25		February 14-15, 1972, minutes, tentative agenda, MODE Scientific Goals, notes
	Folder 26		June 22-24, 1972, tentative agenda, memoranda
	Folder 27		October 13, 1972, agenda, list of participants, correspondence
			January 18-19, 1973:
Box 3	Folder 28			minutes, agenda, memoranda
Box 5				meeting minutes (five cassettes)
			November 14-16, 1973:
Box 3	Folder 29			minutes, agenda, list of participants
Box 5				meeting minutes (five cassettes)
		Scientific Council Executive Committee:
Box 3	Folder 30		action items for meetings, 1973-1974
	Folder 31		agendas, 1971, 1973-1974
	Folder 32		correspondence, memoranda, notes to file, 1971-1974
	Folder 33		meeting minutes, 1971, 1973-1974
		Standing Committees:
Box 3	Folder 34		Array Committee, correspondence, details for Arrays 1-3, 1971-1972
	Folder 35		Bottom Topography Committee, correspondence, 1971-1972
	Folder 36		Data Analysis Committee, correspondence, 1971-1973
	Folder 37		Density Committee, papers, notes, correspondence, 1971-1973
	Folder 38		Float Subcommittee, correspondence, notes on float strategy, 1972
	Folder 39		Navigation and Communications Committee, memorandum, 1971
		Ship Needs and Scheduling Committee:
Box 3	Folder 40		1970-1973, correspondence
	Folder 41		1971-1973, scheduling information, drafts of ship track plans
	Folder 42		1972-1973, equipment, specifications, correspondence
	Folder 43		Synoptic Atlas Committee, 1973-1974
		Theoretical Panel:
Box 3	Folder 44		1970-1974, minutes, correspondence, memoranda
	Folder 45		November 1971-August 1972, correspondence, notes schedule, and questions regarding the July-August 1972 MODE Theoretical Panel Summer Institute at Boulder, Colorado

Series III. Field Experiment
		(working) charts:
			bathymetry:
Box 7				in MODE area, with preliminary data, one chart
				in MODE area, preliminary compilation with uncorrected contour intervals (some based in part on "spurious random data"), some fathom curves indicated
				bathymetry composite, preliminary chart with depth curves shown in corrected metres
			density station positions, chart and overlay
			floats:
Box 7				at approximately 500 metres, tracks from April to May 1973, one chart
				at approximately 1500 metres, tracks from April to May 1973, one chart
				at approximately 3000 metres, tracks from April to May 1973, one chart
				at approximately 4000 + 4500 metres, tracks from April to May 1973, one chart
				float tracks, days 98-102 (April 8-12, 1973), one chart
				float tracks, April 14-26(?), 1973, one chart
				float tracks with plots indicating Yale and ship fixes, April-June, 1973, one chart
			isotherms:
Box 7				depth of 2.3° C isotherm, one chart
				depth of 2.8° C isotherm, one chart
				depth of 4.3° C isotherm, three charts, one dated May 7-21, 1973
				depth of 10.0° C isotherm, two charts, one dated May 7-21, 1973, and labeled Y. M. Grachev
				depth of 17.5° C isotherm, one chart, labeled M. N. Koshlyakon
			moorings and bottom array, one chart
			moorings and bottom experiment in central area
		data, including bulletins and telecopied reports:
Box 7	Folder 46		floats, moorings, STD-CTD, inner and outer grid points, March-June 1973
	Folder 47		4.3°, 10°, and 17.5° isotherms for days 70-154 (March 11-June 3, 1973), John Hopkins University, numbers 1-74, 76, 77
	Folders 48-49		ship data summary sheets, "cons 0-296," March 5-July 13, 1973
		MODE-0 and PREMODE:
Box 7	Folder 50		n.d., "Network Plan for MODE-0," list of projects and schedule
		MODE-1:
Box 7	Folder 51		1971-1972, Density Experiment, proposed temperature measurement array, specifications
	Folder 52		September 1971-January 1972, "Critical Decision Points," description of MODE-1 projects, tentative ship schedule
	Folder 53		June-July 1972, "Default Plans," MODE-1 project strategy statements
	Folder 54		August 1972, state of MODE-1 preparations by project number
	Folder 55		December 1972-1973, WHOI Buoy Project, R/V Chain, plan for deployment operations, appendix, correspondence
	Folder 56		January 1973, data statements
	Folder 57		February 1973, Density Program Operational Manual
	Folder 58		February 1973, MODE-1 OPERATIONS HANDBOOK, comments, correspondence
		Ships:
			R/V Chain, WHOI, Woods Hole, Massachusetts:
				(working) charts:
Box 7					Leg I, soundings in corrected and uncorrected metres, two charts
					Legs I and II, ship tracks, one chart
					Legs I and II, lines indicate where bathymetric data was recorded and processed, one chart
					Leg V, ship tracks, 31 May 1973 to 1 June 1973, 2 June to 16 June, 1973, one chart
Box 3	Folder 59			correspondence, test article list, meeting notes, mooring schedule, maps, personnel list, report on ship repair, 1972-1973
			R/V Discovery, National Institute of Oceanography, Wormley, England:
				(working) charts:
Box 7					Leg I, days 124-132, 134-149, soundings, one chart
					one contour map based on bathymetric data, sites of probes indicated
Box 3	Folder 60			cruise timetable and outline of program, 1973
			R/V Eastward, Duke University Marine Laboratory, Beaufort, North Carolina:
Box 3	Folder 61			correspondence, 1972-1973
			R/V F.V. Hunt, TRACOR/Marine Acoustical Services, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida:
				(working) charts:
Box 7					Leg I, ship tracks, Port Everglades to Bermuda, two working and two clean copies of plots I,II; D. James Baker pressure gauge search
					Leg I, plotting sheet with ship tracks, one chart
					Leg I, lines indicate where bathymetric data was recorded and processed, one chart
					Leg III, ship tracks, May 9-18, 1973, one working drawing and one chart
					Leg III 1/2, plots for probes, one chart
Box 3	Folder 62					general specifications, schematic drawings, correspondence, scientific personnel,summary of operations, 1972-1973
	Folder 63			MODE-1, "Cruise Charter I," log book of Jean M. Filloux, chief scientist, March 4-27, 1973, and schedule of revisions
	Folder 64			extracts from ship log book, MODE-Leg I, Port Everglades to Bermuda, March 11-26, 1973
			R/V Trident, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island:
Box 3	Folder 65			correspondence, ship communications, cruise prospects, account of suitability of R/V Trident for MODE-1 experiment, 1971-1973
	Folder 66			tentative ship schedules, 1972, 1974

Series IV. Publications And Related Materials
Box 3	Folder 67	Bibliography of MODE Journal Publications, 1972-1975
		MODE Hot Line Bulletin:
Box 3	Folder 68		test issues, numbers 1-3, November-December, 1972
	Folders 69-70		numbers 1-17, March 19-July 16, 1973
		MODE Hot Line News:
Box 3	Folder 71		correspondence, 1972-1976
Box 4	Folders 1-2		volume 1, issue numbers 1-26, March 1972-March 1973
	Folders 3-4		volume 2, issue numbers 27-52, March 1973-March 1974
	Folders 4-6		volume 3, issue numbers 53-71, March 1974-March 1975
	Folder 7		volume 4, issue numbers 72-85, April-December 1975
	Folder 8		subject and contributor indices, and table of contents, issue numbers 1-85
		Motion Pictures:
Box 4	Folder 9		"Recovery of a MODE Mooring," 16mm, ten minutes, n.d., Adam Gifford, director; Stan Wilson, editor: for ONR presentation
	Folder 6		"Storms in the Deep Sea," 16mm, 1200', n.d.
			"The Turbulent Ocean:"
Box 5	Folder 1			1972-1977, correspondence
	Folders 2-8			January 1973-February 1974, drafts of scripts by Bert Shapiro, Centre Films, Inc., correspondence
	Folder 9			April 15, 1973, contract between MIT and Centre Films, Inc. for "The Turbulent Ocean" and a shorter half-hour version
	Folder 10			January-March 1974, movie reviews
	Folder 11			November 1974-1975, requests for "The Turbulent Ocean