Finding Aid to the Papers of Norbert Wiener, 1898-1966Sponsor:This finding aid has been encoded by the Center for History of Physics, American Institute of Physics as part of a collaborative project supported by a grant from the National Endowment of the Humanities, an independent federal agency. Collaboration members in 1999 consisted of: American Institute of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Northwestern University, Rice University, University of Alaska, University of Illinois, and University of Texas. Publisher:American Institute of Physics. Center for History of Physics. Encoding Information:Machine-readable finding aid encoded in EAD v.1.0 by Clay Redding on March 16, 2000 from an existing finding aid using NoteTab Pro and C++ scripts created by James P. Tranowski (provided by Elizabeth Dow, Special Collections, University of Vermont). Any revisions made to this finding aid occurred as part of the editing and encoding process. Reviewed by [name, institution] on [date] . Finding aid written in English. Description of the CollectionLocation of collection:Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Institute
Archives and Special Collections. Title and dates of collection:Papers of Norbert Wiener, 1898-1966 Papers/Records created by:Wiener, Norbert, 1894-1964. Size of collection:71 manuscript boxes Languages Represented:English Selected Search TermsThese papers have been indexed in the International Catalog of Sources for History of Physics and Allied Sciences (ICOS) using the following terms. Those seeking related materials should search under these terms. Biographical/Historical NoteBiography of Norbert WienerNorbert Wiener (NW) was a world renowned mathematician who was instrumental in the development of communication and control theories. He coined the word "cybernetics" to describe this new science. There are a number of autobiographical and biographical sources available that provide an in-depth treatment of NW's life. Because the bulk of the NW collection is arranged chronologically, a chronology of NW's life is supplied in lieu of a brief biography.
Scope and Contents of CollectionThe Norbert Wiener (NW) Papers consist primarily of correspondence and of manuscripts of writings by NW and by others. The collection spans the years 1898 to 1966 with the bulk of the material dating from 1910 to 1963. From early childhood NW was perceived as exceptional (note), and this perception in part explains the large amount of material from his youth in the collection. Writings from his high school years and early correspondence with his family were retained and can be found in the collection. In 1910, when NW was sixteen, he was away from his family for the first time. The correspondence between NW and his family began at this time, when he was attending Cornell University. He wrote his sisters and parents affectionate letters in Latin, German, French, and English while he was studying at Cornell and later at Cambridge University, the University of Göttingen, and Columbia University. The family letters continue during his first work experiences with the Encyclopedia Americana in Albany, N.Y., the University of Maine in Orono, and at the Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland where he worked for Oswald Veblen. These letters chronicle NW's academic progress, interests, and perceptions of the places that he lived. There are few personal letters from NW to his family after 1926, the year of his marriage. While the collection does contain letters from his parents and sisters to NW, most are from NW to his family. During his early years, most of NW's letters were addressed to his father, Leo Wiener (LW), and this correspondence shows the close relationship between father and son. Until NW entered high school, his father taught him, and LW continued to play an influential part in NW's education and early professional life. LW was a Harvard philologist and NW's letters usually inquire about the progress of LW's latest project or advice for dealing with criticism of his father's work. The letters also ask and comment upon advice from LW. At the age of twenty-three, NW asked permission of LW to join the Army. It was due to his father's suggestion that NW started to write popular as well as scientific articles (see letter of January 12, 1918). Other material in the collection from NW's childhood and youth further illustrates his intellectual development. Series III contains his senior essay from Ayer High School and some of his college notebooks. His earliest notebooks concern a variety of subjects yet they often have doodles and mathematical problems in them as well. A number of his graduate philosophy essays plus drafts and worksheets for his Harvard Ph.D. thesis are also available. Published and unpublished articles written at Cambridge and Göttingen start to reflect NW's transition from philosopher and logician to mathematician (Series III). Other information about NW's youth is in Series II, which includes Army records, grades from Tufts College, and graduation programs from Ayer High School, Tufts, and Harvard. Although the earliest records in the collection are letters from NW to his family, the letters from 1926 to 1934 are primarily from friends and colleagues to NW. From 1934 on, more copies of NW's responses follow incoming letters so that the collection provides a more complete historical perspective. During his post-graduate days at Cambridge University, NW started to correspond with his fellow students from Harvard and Cambridge, even though they were several years older. While in Cambridge he received a few letters from another Harvard philosophy fellow who was studying at Oxford, T. S. Eliot. NW also corresponded with some of his professors including Bertrand Russell and G. H. Hardy. For NW's wedding present, another professor, E. V. Huntington, sent a "... set of postulates" (see letter of March 15, 1926 in folder 28). The material added by the family in 1994 includes information about Margaret Wiener and family photographs. In the correspondence dated 1920 and later, professional correspondence is dominant. Also, as NW's scholarly reputation grew, the bulk of his correspondence increased. Because of his varied interests and worldwide travel, NW corresponded with a large community of scholars and scientists, often on a personal as well as a professional level. Prominent correspondents represented in the collection include Harald Bohr, Max Born, Jacob Bronowski, Albert Einstein, R. G. D. Richardson, J. D. Tamarkin, Piet Hein, Margaret Mead, Gregory Bateson, and Grey Walter. Because of the large number of prominent correspondents, a selective index is included in this finding aid (see p. 50). NW's development as a mathematician is illustrated in the correspondence and through NW's writings. A December 1931 letter from J. D. Tamarkin, for example, discusses all the errors that NW made in his seminal work, "Tauberian Theorems." The gradual development of information theory and cybernetics can be traced through letters from the 1940's, especially through correspondence with Arturo Rosenblueth, John von Neumann, Warren S. McCullock and other investigators of the new science. The exchange of opinions on mathematical problems in NW's correspondence sometimes served as a sounding board for future articles. While NW often worked alone, he also depended upon his colleagues' ideas. The majority of NW's collaborative efforts were with fellow mathematicians such as Aurel Wintner, Dirk Jan Struik, and Max Born. NW's letters emphasize the fruitful results that occurred from the lengthy collaborations that he had with H. R. Pitt and R. E. A. C. Paley. NW's interest in applied mathematics and interdisciplinary science resulted in his collaboration with scientists in many fields. Series III contains some of the published and unpublished works that NW wrote with his colleagues, and Series I further documents his collaborative efforts. During World War II, NW worked with a young engineer, Julian Bigelow, for the N.D.R.C. on a fire control apparatus for anti-aircraft guns, and some of their progress is documented in the correspondence for that period. After the war, NW's work with biologists, physiologists, and other medical doctors, as well as with engineers, expanded. His best known work was with the noted physiologist, Arturo Rosenblueth. The collection contains numerous letters between them and some of their writings including Dynamics of the Nervous System, an unpublished book (see folders 606-608). Series I and III also include material about encephalography from the work of NW and scientists at Massachusetts General Hospital such as Doctors John Barlow and Mollie Brazier. NW became increasingly involved in developing prosthetic devices with the help of his medical and engineering colleagues. Not all of NW's collaborative efforts resulted in a joint paper; many of his individual speeches and articles depended upon information that he gained from others, a fact that NW always made clear. An alphabetical list of collaborators is on p. 107. Students and colleagues sent NW manuscripts and reprints of their own works in order to receive his opinion. These writings are in Series IV. Many of the scientists who collaborated with NW are represented in this section, for example, R. E. A. C. Paley, Pesi Masani, Walter Pitts, Joseph Doob, and Armand Siegel. Another way that NW expressed his opinion about his colleagues' works was through the many book reviews he wrote (see Series III). While the collection does not contain all of NW's written work, it has a great deal of the earliest and the latest work. The writings in Series III start to become sparse in the 1920's, and large gaps continue until 1948. Because approximately half of the writings were unpublished, a unique view of NW's work is provided by the collection (note). The unpublished writings include various types of works, such as a lecture titled, "Mathematical Problems of Communication Theory" (folder 734), a speech on "The Computing Machine and Form (Gestalt)" (folder 665), and a memorandum on the scope of a suggested computing machine (folder 558). Further insights can be gained from the collection's published works that progress from the early draft stage to the final reprint. The progression of NW's theories can be interpreted throughout his writings. For example, after the book was published in 1948, cybernetics became a recurring topic in his writings, both in published articles and in unpublished speeches and articles. By 1952, NW was writing a treatise on cybernetics based upon the work that had been done in the area over the last five years (see folders 685 and 730). He was constantly called upon to define cybernetics, but his definitions did not remain static. The implications and applications of cybernetics expanded over the years, and in 1958 NW delivered a speech on "The Relation of Cybernetics to Semantics" (see folder 830). To assist the researcher in tracing NW's work through his papers, an annotated bibliography (p. 71) and an alphabetical list of writings (p. 93) are provided in this guide. NW's involvement with interdisciplinary work at M.I.T. started prior to his work in cybernetics. For instance, in a letter to Vannevar Bush, he supports the idea of a cooperative scientific institute in the Boston area to be called the Institute for Exact Sciences, which would encompass physics, chemistry, mathematics, and astronomy (see letter of November 21, 1934). In 1941, NW was on the Supervisory Committee on the Research Center of Applied Mathematics (see folder 61). NW's forty year career at M.I.T. enabled him to delve into different areas. When NW was retiring in May 1960, he wrote to thank President Julius Stratton and stated that "everything that I have been able to accomplish has been accomplished here at M.I.T...." (see folder 281). NW's letters and writings show that he continually collaborated with students and faculty members at M.I.T. NW would offer ideas to the Institute's engineering faculty, and they would attempt to apply them, often with good results. In 1950, NW mentioned in a speech that he was working on a prosthetic "hearing glove" with Jerome Wiesner. The mail response to this speech was overwhelming; however, Wiesner's and NW's work was not yet complete and never succeeded (see also: folders 623 and 624). Because of NW's close contact with his M.I.T colleagues, it must be presumed that some of his collaborative efforts do not appear in the collection. The collaborations were often casual and verbal. For example, one gap in the collection is the small number of letters and manuscripts that directly relate to Vannevar Bush's and NW's work in the Twenties on the Bush differential and analyzer. His students also often helped NW with this scientific work, as the correspondence with Norman Levinson and Jerome Lettvin shows. Another illustration of his work with students can be seen in the extensive correspondence and patent information (Series II) on the electrical network system developed by NW and Yuk Wing Lee. NW's willingness to help his former students is also apparent in his correspondence. He gave advice and tried to find jobs for many of his students and young colleagues. A December 18, 1941 letter to the Director of Scientific Personnel at the National Research Council suggested the development of more N.D.R.C. projects in order to utilize the talents of young mathematicians who were jobless. Some of his students eventually joined the M.I.T. faculty; for example, Yuk Wing Lee, Norman Levinson, and Jerome Lettvin. The collection is remarkable for the view of NW's personality that emerges. NW often exchanged ideas on non-scientific subjects with his colleagues in his correspondence. NW was increasingly alarmed by the world situation and his letters often reflect his concern. Before World War II, NW's letters showed his efforts to place scholars who had lost their positions because of political and social unrest. Two examples are Antonio Zygmund and Yuk Wing Lee. He was a member of such organizations as the Emergency Committee in the Aid of Displaced German Scholars and the China Aid Society. He also wrote several essays about the predicament of German scholars (see especially folders 537, 543). After World War II, NW felt that many scientists were evading their responsibility to the modern world. He wrote to such friends as Arturo Rosenblueth and J. B. S. Haladane about these social problems. His letters show a consistent refusal to do any work that might be used by the military after the War. In addition, NW wrote popular articles about science and society. The best known article was "A Scientist Rebels" (see folder 573); it and similar articles evoked letters of support from both scientists and laymen. NW's concern with the ramifications of his scientific work was not limited to the military. He exchanged letters and met with Walter Reuther in order to discuss his fears of future unemployment when the automatic factory became operative. Articles that explained automatization and some of its social effects are also included in NW's writings (Series III). During his last fifteen years he became increasingly involved with the development of prosthetic devices and with other health-related problems. While refusing to work for the military, he was always ready to assist the Veteran's Administration. From the writing of "Unconventionality" (folder 494,) in 1918 at his father's suggestion, NW never gave up popular writing. Cybernetics had unexpectedly caught the public's eye. NW's correspondence markedly increased after its publication in 1948, and many letters were from strangers who wanted to know more about NW and his philosophy. This increase in "fan mail" was noted by his publishers who encouraged NW to write more popular articles and books. From the correspondence, it appears that NW enjoyed a friendly relationship with Henry Simon of Simon and Schuster and with Jason Epstein of Doubleday and Company, Inc. The collection contains book drafts from a number of his works, including The Human Use of Human Beings (folders 639-653a.) and an unpublished book called The Philosophy of Invention (folders 752-757). NW was also interested in writing's entertainment value. He wrote science fiction, novels and two autobiographies. Some of his ventures were not successful. He wrote to Orson Welles on June 28, 1941 suggesting a movie plot that was rejected but that eventually led to his own book, The Tempter (folders 839-861). With Jason Epstein's encouragement, NW and Isaac Asimov tried to write a science fiction story which never came to fruition. Like all celebrities, NW received some crank mail and articles (see Series IV) from people who hoped that he shared their beliefs. The word that he coined, "cybernetics," became vulgarized in the 1950's and NW was erroneously identified with social movements and thoughts that he knew nothing about. For example, many people thought that NW founded the Dianetics movement (which later became the Church of Scientology). The true founder, L. Ron Hubbard, did not discourage this belief for a while because NW was a valuable, albeit false, ally (see correspondence for 1950-51). For the most part, NW's "fan mail" was comprised of letters of admiration to which NW often replied. Materials in the addendum were received from Mrs. Margaret E. Wiener in 1971 and consist of 35 volumes of foreign language editions of NW's books, nine audio tapes of colloquiums and lectures given by NW; and a motion picture film of a Japanese television interview of NW and Margaret Wiener.
NW's account of his childhood and youth can be found in the first part of his autobiography, Ex-Prodigy, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1953. (Return to text)
NW's published works are presently being reprinted in Norbert Wiener: Collected Works, ed. by Pesi Manasi, Cambridge: M.I.T. Press. Two volumes of the series have been published at this time. (Return to text)Organization of CollectionOrganized into the following series: I. Correspondence; II. Miscellaneous material; III. Writings of NW; IV. Writings of others Arrangement of CollectionA group of materials was added to the collection after it was originally processed. It has been separately organized and stored at the end of the collection. Access to CollectionThere are restrictions on access to portions of this collection. Researchers may request permission to use restricted materials. Consult the Institute Archivist for further information. Restrictions on Use of CollectionRequests for permission to publish material from the collection should be directed to the Institute Archivist. Provenance and Acquisition InformationThe papers were given to the Institute Archives in 1971 by Margaret E. Wiener. Some of the papers had been stored at M.I.T., and the rest were transferred from Mrs. Wiener's New Hampshire home. An addition to the collection was made in 1994 by Margaret W. Kennedy and Barbara Raisbeck. Accession numbers: 77-31, 77-94, 94-54 Processing InformationThis collection was processed by Mary Jane McCavitt in September 1980. Processing of the collection was funded by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. Other Related MaterialsSupplementary material to the NW Papers may be found at the MIT Archives in the records of the Office of the President and of the Provost. Papers dealing with the development of cybernetics may also be found in the Warren Sturgis McCulloch Papers at the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia. Other collections of possible interest are the Alan Tower Waterman Papers and the Oswald Veblen Papers, both in the Library of Congress Manuscript Division. Some notebooks and papers of Leo Wiener are located at the Harvard University Archives. Materials Separated from CollectionGeneral printed material that was not about NW, duplicate copies of reprints, and postcard requests for reprints have been removed from the collection. Photographs and memorabilia have been transferred to MIT's Historical Collections. Index of CorrespondentsIndexAcademie Internationale de Philosophie des Science289, 295, 299, 300, 303, 305, 307, 309, 314, 316, 325. See also: Dockx, S. and Frechet, M.Ackerman, Adolph J.281.Acta Mathematica227, 229, 232, 233, 234, 236.Adeishvili, Shalva312, 322.Adams, George P.5.Adams, L.J.44.Addison-Wesley Press, Inc.95, 314.Agnew, Ralph P.55, 65.Ahlfors, Lars V.226, 242.Aiken, Howard H.72, 75.Akutowicz, Edwin J.244, 253, 256, 258, 264, 277, 289, 294, 298, 299, 305, 331.Alduante, Arturo294, 296, 299, 301, 305, 324, 331, 338.Alexandroff, Paul35Aley, Robert13.Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.90, 210, 297.Alger, Philip L.106, 108.Alvarez, Walter C.101, 127, 131.Ambartsumian, V.322.Amberson, William R.122.Ambrose, Warren50, 162, 234.American Academy of Arts and Sciences28, 106, 107, 108, 111, 113, 116.American Association for the Advancement of Science50, 61, 62, 74, 77, 83, 85, 106, 111, 122, 176, 186, 202, 217, 262, 269, 272, 315.American Association of Scientific Workers173.American Automatic Control Council279.American Bureau for Medical Aid to China, Inc.60.American Chemical Society188, 190, 191, 192, 278, 279.The American College Dictionary111, 112, 165.American Foundation for the Blind, Inc.94, 309.American Friends of the Chinese People51, 57.American Friends Service Committee97, 210, 211, 213, 256, 261.American Geophysical Union64.American Institute of Biological Sciences159.American Institute of Electrical Engineering106, 108, 112, 114, 121, 124, 125, 139, 176.American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering222, 224.American Institute of Physics164, 165, 333, 336.American League for Peace and Democracy of Greater Boston, 50. American Management Association177, 178, 209.American Mathematical Monthly45, 46, 128.American Mathematical Society51, 54, 55, 62, 129, 149, 245, 257, 275, 282, 291, 311, 333.The American Mercury90, 156, 158, 159, 160.American Peoples Encyclopedia129, 216.American Philosophical Association226, 228, 229, 235, 240.American Physical Society146, 147.American Psychiatric Association125, 184, 186, 200.American Scholar73, 75, 139, 140, 141, 217.American Society for Technion219, 235, 236, 281, 296, 297,301, 313, 314.American Society of Civil Engineers47.American Society of Mechanical Engineers98, 99, 136, 150, 154-156, 159, 160, 170, 182, 183, 187.American Society of Planning Officials191, 193-198, 202.American Society of Tool Engineers270-274, 276.American Statistical Association55, 78, 113, 115, 116, 198.American-Soviet Science Society69.American Telephone and Telegraph Corporation60.The Analysts Journal153, 155.Ancker, Frances98, 100, 101, 103, 104, 107, 145.Andermann, K.83, 144.Anderson, Jack271.Angel, Ronald W.332, 335.Annals of Mathematical Statistics219.Antiaircraft Artillery Board65, 66.Antweiler, Hermann J.274, 281.Anwar, Muhammad256.Applebaum, William272, 277.Appleyard, Rollo34.Arbib, Michael309, 310, 311, 313, 326.Arden House Conference233, 235.Arguimbau, Lawrence71, 77, 146, 200.Arthur D. Little, Inc.124, 125, 126.Artigas Sanz, Lose Antononide136, 137, 139.Ashby, W. Ross72, 134, 152, 168, 259, 279.The Asia Foundation220, 221, 247.Association for Computing Machinery191, 193.Association for the Advancement of Exceptional Children, Inc.121.Association Internationale de Cybernetique226, 229, 234, 236, 240, 242, 243, 245, 246, 247, 249, 262, 280, 284, 285, 294, 296, 303, 316, 336.Association of Scientific Workers of India144, 145.Association of Atomic Scientists85.Atlantic Monthly72, 81, 87, 90, 98, 117, 118, 119, 130.Attica Prison50.Aubert, Pierre66.Aude, H.T.R.45.Aufbau (Reconstruction)117, 118, 119, 122, 124, 207, 209, 276, 277, 283, 284.Auger, Raymond N.174.Authors Guild and Authors League of America, Inc.132, 141, 199, 316, 322.Averbuck, Samuel H.40.Avati, Helen107, 280.Ayer High School71.Azad, R.S.268.Babson, R.W.194, 196.Bachmann, F.41.Baddeley, H.227, 228.Badger, Richard G.38.Baer, J.A.15.Baldwin, Paul H.180, 191, 192.Baker Street Irregulars194.Banister, E.S.17.Barankin, Edward W.208, 270, 290.Barlow, John S.174, 216, 217, 286, 297, 300, 306, 312, 313, 324, 330.Barnes, G.R.37.Barr, Joseph S.311, 318, 322, 330.Barrow, Bruce R.155, 164.Barss, W.R.28.Bartlett, Fred12, 17.Barzun, Jacques120. Bas, J. Jr49.Bass, Robert E.132.Basu, U. P.See: Indian Science Congress Association.Bataille, Marie-Louise135, 136.Bachelor, G.K.87.Bateson, Gregory72, 73, 76, 155, 193, 204, 268, 295, 309.Beatley, Ralph40.Beatty, S.51.Beckenbach, E.F.176, 178, 179, 182.Behnke, Heinrich193.Behrend, B.A.34.Bell, Clifford177, 182, 262.Bell, E.T.180.Bell Telephone Laboratories33, 38, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 54, 58, 68, 123.Bemis, F. Gregg308.Benes, Jiri297.Benson-Lehner Corporation118, 153, 181.Beorse, Bryn303, 304, 306, 318, 319.Berne, Eric121, 127.Bernsdorf, Wilhelm276, 277Bernstein, Felix38, 41.Berry, Andrew C.33.Bers, L.48.Berwald, L.38, 40.Bhatnager, K.P.190, 208, 210.Biberstein, Has H.236, 239.Bieberbach, L.34.Bigelow, Edward f.3.Bigelow, Julian H.60, 61, 64, 66, 76, 114, 131.Billeter, Ernst P.252, 258, 274.Billikopf, Jacob41, 42, 104.Bils, Olaf204.Biochemical Research Foundation303, 304.Birkhoff, Garrett49, 51, 81, 273, 274, 278.Birkhoff, George D.36, 43, 44, 56, 66.Biser, Irwin54.Bishop, Amasa69.Bishop, G.H.68, 107, 108, 110.Bissonnette, T.H.61.Black Mountain College198, 200, 202, 205.Blanc, Charles55.Blanc-Lapierre, A.81, 172.Blanchard, Arthur F.109, 147.Blaschke, Vaclav33, 34, 37, 337.Blichfeldt, H.F.43.Block Associates, Inc.326.Boas, Franz51, 61.Boas, Ralph P.57, 59, 72, 146.Boba, Antonio258, 159.Bockus, Henry L.See: College of Physicians of Philadelphia.Boelter, L.M.K.94, 96, 98, 99, 106, 108, 114, 130, 173.Bohr, Harald2, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 37, 42.Bok, S.T.296.Bolling, Richard193.Bonin, Gerhardt von72.Boring, Edwin G.48, 66, 67.Born, Max29, 30, 31, 96, 101, 218.Borsellino, Antonio295, 296, 303.Bose, Amar G.214, 215, 227.Boston Chamber of Commerce19.Boston College273, 275.Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science.See: Robert S. Cohen.Bottomley, A. H.315.Boulding, Kenneth E.186, 188.Bouligand, G.20, 25, 26-28, 30, 32.Bower, John L.78.Bower, Julia Wells81, 82.Bowles, Edward L.70, 261.Bowman, John R.110.Braatoy, Trygve115, 154, 166.Brainerd, Henry Bowen271.Braines, S.282.Bram, Leila D.336.Brand, Louis56.Brandeis University172, 227, 228, 242, 266, 291, 293, 331, 333.Brandon, Henry261.Branquet, L.S.34, 35.Bray, Hubert80.Brazier, Mary A.B.85, 98, 104, 107, 164, 176, 181, 183, 193, 200, 213.Breadbend, T.A.A.36.Breen, Walter179, 181, 182, 183, 192, 206.Breitenberger, E.242, 247.Brelot, Marcel33.Brenner, J.L.47.Bridenbaugh, Carl178.Briggs, L.B.R.12.Bristol Company123, 223, 224, 227.British Columbia Academy of Sciences231, 233.Brockett, Paul58, 61.Bromfield, Morton267, 269, 273, 276, 279, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 304, 305, 311, 313, 316.Bronowski, Jacob139, 141, 142, 154, 155, 162, 173.Bronowski, Lilli36.Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, 126, 127. Brooks, Cleanth87.Brown, Gordon S.170, 171, 286, 287, 334.Bruce, Robert E.222, 227.Buddrius, George W.322.Buerger, Martin J.260., 266, 269, 273, 277.Buhler, Karl90, 98.Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society43, 47, 53, 54, 59, 63, 80, 82, 85, 104, 114, 115.Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists94, 138, 139, 161, 215, 249, 270.Burchaard, John Ely80-82, 85, 91, 92, 103, 114, 159, 160, 273, 280.Burckhardt, J.J.207.Burkhardt, G.299.Burrus, Ray C.63.Bush, Vannevar2, 33, 34, 35, 42, 43, 50, 56, 58, 59, 62, 66, 297.Bush, Wendell T.12.Cabrie, Zulema J. Escobar286.Caianiello, E.R.248, 259, 269, 280, 281,293,296, 297, 299, 301, 303, 304, 306, 307, 309, 321, 331.Cairns, S.S.72, 76.Cairns, W.D.25.Calcutta Mathematical Society242.Caldwell, S.H.58, 59, 61.Cambridge Hebrew Congregation and Schechter Society35.Cambridge Magazine21.Cambridge University Press114, 115, 120, 175, 190, 299, 300, 303, 304, 316, 318, 327, 331.Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament311.Campaign for World Government73, 75.Campbell, Alan D.39.Campbell, Donald P.165, 205, 215, 219.Campione, Peter204, 209, 210, 236, 252.Cantelli, Francesco Paolo54.Capla, V.263.Caratheodory, C.30, 54.Carmichael, Leonard52, 71, 74, 111.Carmichael, R.D.40.Carnegie Institute of Washington79, 80, 82.Cartan, E.32.Cartwright, Mary L.34, 37, 93, 323, 331, 332.Carver, Walter B.55.Casa Editrice Valentino Bompiani and C.121.Casals, Pablo244.Centennial Review of Arts and Sciences273, 276, 290.Centre National De La Richerche Scientifique104, 126, 128, 132, 156.Cerrillo, M.V.270.Chafetz, Morris E.150, 177, 222.Chakrabarty, S.K.182.Challenge259, 285, 304.Chang, Amos85, 86.Chao, Yuen Ren21, 53, 87, 95, 97, 98, 99, 174, 271.Charles Scribner's and Sons107, 152, 154.Charushin, V.31.ChaseStuart, 136, 177, 178, 179, 183, 184.Cheatham, Thomas P. Jr.93, 102.Chern, S.S.253.Chesni, Y.283.Chevalier, Henri130, 193.Chiaromonte, Nicola288.China Aid Council51, 52.China Institute in America43, 52, 61.China Today52.Chipman, Miner12.Choi, Hae-Chung266.Choynowski, Mieczslaw229.Christian Colleges in China45.Chung, Kai Lai77, 298.Church Committee for China Relief56, 57.Cioraneseu, N.31.Circolo Matematico di Palermo238, 239, 240.City College156, 158, 164, 166, 167, 175.Clark, Alston32.Clark, Lyman Kenneth34, 35, 44, 47.Cleveland Athletic Club Journal160.Cleveland Clinic119, 183.Clymer, Ben90.Clynes, Manfred305.Cobb, Stanley86, 115, 160, 170, 322.Cohen, Irving L.49.Cohen, Robert S.101, 296.Colby College203, 206.Cole, Stewart G.198, 201.Coleman, James A.203, 204.College de France106, 117, 119.College Entrance Examination Board39- 42, 45.College of Physicians of Philadelphia147, 151-153, 155, 157, 160.Colloques Philosophiques de Royaumont288, 289, 291, 292, 299, 305, 308, 322-324, 334.Columbia Broadcast System, Inc.179, 193, 202, 209, 247, 285, 286.Columbia University161, 229, 233.Comision Permanente Del Primer Congresso Nacional De Matematicas63.Comitato Nazionale Per Le Recherche Nucleari.See: E.R. Caianiello.Committee to Secure Justice for Morton Sobell255, 257-260, 262-264.The Commonwealth Fund214, 215.Compton, Arthur H.31.Compton, Karl T.32-36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 46, 58-61, 69, 70.Computing Reviews285.Conant, J.B.46.Conference Board of Associated Research Councils102, 106-108, 120, 121, 128, 159, 189, 197, 198, 226, 273.Conference on Methods in Philosophy and the Sciences90, 91, 93, 114, 235.Congress of Electronics and Television, Milan, Italy183, 184.Congress of Industrial Organizations66, 209.Conklin, Groff173-178, 181, 183, 284, 286, 289, 337, 338.Contemporary Issues192.Continental Congress for World Peace101.Control Engineering116, 266.Cooper Union108, 213.Cope, T. Freeman62.Corbiere, Henri109.Cornell University309.Courant, Richard26, 27, 28, 39, 61.Cowles Commission for Research in Economics44, 45.Coyle, Frank S.81, 82.Craig, Wallace17.Cramer, Harald266.Creative Frontiers115.Csaszar, A.271.Cultural and Scientific Conference for World Peace93.Cunniff, J.F.178, 179.Curry, Haskell B.63, 67, 68.Curtis Brown, Ltd.127, 128.The Cybernetics Group85, 117.Cybernetique245.Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences284.Daly, F.S.T.L.50.Danforth, John59.Daniell, P. J.2, 23, 30.Danish Society of Natural Sciences336, 337.Dantzig, David van31, 233.Day, James R.33.de Becerra, Arturo Hernandez3.de Bruyne, Norman A.37de Feriet, James. Kampe51, 54, 70.de Florez, Luis31.de la Torre, Lillian184.Della Riccia, Jaques323.Deming, W. Edward67, 68.Demos, R.16.De Santillana, Giorgio Dias71, 81, 83, 84, 133, 135, 156, 275.Desfage, J.39.Desmond, Thomas C.111, 266, 267, 276.Deutsch, Karl W.133, 169, 217, 297, 307, 319.Deutsch, Felix58.Devereux, George165, 168, 170.Devore, Lloyd T.96, 99.Dickotuny, S.40.Dickson, John B.49.Dickson, L.E.13.Dies, Josa Ma Samso186, 285, 307.Dietz, Albert53.Dietz, David109, 123, 161, 214, 261, 262.Dillon, J.C.255, 256.Diogene273, 278.Diogenes Club106, 108, 131, 137, 163, 167.Dockx, S.323.Dodge, Carroll40.Doetsch, G.28.Doob, Joseph L.84, 85, 87, 95, 96, 97, 105, 108, 136, 159.Doubleday and Company, Inc.169, 172-176, 178-184, 188, 190-192, 194, 196, 198-207, 209-211, 213, 215, 216, 224, 226, 227, 231-235, 247, 252, 255, 283, 311, 338.Douglas, Newhall138, 143, 156.Dover Publications, Inc.126 138, 179, 181, 339.Dreier, Theodore233.Dresden, Arnold39, 40, 63, 70, 73.Dreyfus, M.181, 183.Drew University217, 219, 221, 223, 224, 227.Dube, Georges156, 169, 188.Duke Mathematical Journal51.Dumm, Benjamin Alfred131, 167.Dunn, Halbert L.186, 192.Dun's Review146.The Duodecimal Society of Great Britain259, 280.Eastern Association of Electroencephalography328, 329, 330, 332, 333, 334.Eastern Colleges Science Conference112, 114, 115, 116, 117.Econ-Verlag272, 276, 287, 288, 291, 294, 296, 299, 300, 306, 313, 315, 316, 323, 324, 325, 326, 331, 334, 335, 338.Editions des Deux-Rives162.Ehrenreich, Joseph W.160, 162.Einstein, Albert62, 81, 83, 84.Electrical Manufacturing266, 267, 269, 270, 271, 279, 281.Electronics80, 82, 83, 87, 108, 163, 164, 167, 185, 335.Electronics Illustrated285.Eliot, Thomas D.189, 193.Eliot, Thomas Sterns9, 10, 11.Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine90, 94.Ellis, Weldon T.196, 271, 272.Elton, William98, 121.Encyclopedia Americana100, 101, 103, 110, 137, 152, 180, 183, 185, 193, 200, 217, 218, 226.Encyclopaedia Britannica199, 201, 256, 267, 268.Epstein, Benjamin52.Epstein, Jason. See also: Doubleday and Company252, 253.Epstein, Paul S.29.Erdos, Paul52, 54, 76.Ernst Battenberg Verlag311, 313.Etan Yugoslav Committee for Electronics and AutomationSee: Radanovic, L.Etc.: A Review of General Semantics121, 226, 227.Evans, Griffith C.47, 51, 52, 54, 99.Evans, James C.58, 97.Everitt, W.L.87, 89, 93, 98.Extrapolative Company (Extra, Inc.)See: Newhall, Douglas.Eyges, Leon R.54.Eyre and Spottiswoode137, 139, 142, 143, 166, 281.Eyring, Henry54.Fairchild Research and Development Laboratory306.Fano, Giorgio243,325.Fant, Gunnar294, 295, 311, 312, 315.Fantasy and Science Fiction177, 180, 181.Farnsworth, Dana L.148, 169.Farrar, Straus and Company, Inc.81, 82.Fassett, Fred G. Jr.See also: Tech Press, 55, 61, 169.Fawley Foundation Lecture208.Feddrov, A.284.Federal Republic of Germany248.Feinler, Franz39.Fejer, L.38.Fekete, M.47.Feller, William55, 60, 62, 86, 161, 235.Fellowship of Reconciliation73, 74, 75, 83, 126, 190, 193, 297.Fenn, Wallace O.234.Fennel, Erik87.Ferdinand Enke Verlag278, 279.Fernandez-Moran, Humberto49.Feynman, Richard P.293.Filipovic, Rudolf201.First Church of Christ, Scientists128, 129.Fischer, Max123, 127.Fischer, Edward46.Fleming, J.A.59.Fletcher, W.M.5.Flexner, Abraham33.Foges, George125, 132, 163.Ford, Lester R.56, 59, 62.Ford Foundation191.Foreign Operations Administration201, 206.Formulast Corporation. See also: Bromfield, Morton309.Fort, Tomlinson50, 60.Fortune179, 180, 181.Foster, A.A.117, 139.Foundation for the Study of Cycles111, 113.Fowler, R.H.54.Fraenkel, A.35.Frank, Helmar G.326, 327.Frank, Lawrence K.142, 143, 179, 181, 230.Frank, Philipp37, 62.Frank, Waldo129, 167.Franklin, Philip22.Franklin Institute77, 83, 111, 115, 116, 130.Frechet, Maurice20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 30, 31, 63, 270, 279, 302.Freeman, Harold130, 150, 159, 172.Freeman, Michael W.246, 147.Frege, G.7.Fremont-Smith, Frank304.Freund, Rose, nee Boochever170, 174.Friends of China, Inc.42, 43.Fromm, Erich233.Fujiwara, M.43.Fulbright Award114, 115, 119.Funk and Wagnalls Encyclopoedia219, 221, 223, 234, 235, 244, 274, 292.Gabor, Dennis224, 227, 293, 299.Galati, Theodore Fischer168, 172, 175.Galaxy Science FictionSee: Conklin, Groff.Galdston, Iago126, 160-164, 171, 175, 178-183, 195, 204, 210, 224, 233, 252, 253, 275, 279, 291. See also: New York Academy for Medicine.Gallaudet College108, 110, 111.Gammons, Herman T.35, 44, 45, 46, 47.Gamo, Hideya263, 267.Gandara, Alfonso Napoles63, 68, 70, 84, 107, 140.Garabedian, Carl A.19, 42.Gardner, Martin330.Gardner, Sybil Paley37, 38, 40.Garrido, Luis140, 157, 160.Gelbart, Abe60, 72.General Electric86, 97, 99, 152, 155.General Moptors Corporation245.George Allen and Unwin, Ltd.143, 144, 228.George, Frank H.321.Gergen, J.J.47, 49, 52, 53, 55, 56.Gernsback, Hugo95, 96, 102.Gewertz, Charles M:son40, 43, 49.Ghosh, D.K.191, 192.Giedion, S.111, 114.Gilbreth, Lillian M.170.Gilchrist, Olga H.86.Gillespie, David C.41.Gillis, Joseph 37, 46.Giorgi, I. Giovanni36.Glees, Paul319.Goetz, Leopold197.Gomes, Alair de Oliveira183, 188, 189.Gonseth, F.36.Gonzalez-Fernandez, Jose M.161.Gonzalez del Valle, Angel137, 138.Good, I. Jack286, 287, 295.Goodall, M.C.109, 113, 121.Goddy, William110.Goodman, C.See: Diogenes Club.Goodyear Aircraft Corporation117, 134, 135.Goranson, Roy W.56.Gordon, Edward E.126, 127.Gordon Research Conference on Instrumentation186, 188.Gouttes, Le Baron Jean de141.Gower, Ronald36.Grafflin, Allen L.46, 86.Graphic Arts Research Foundation157, 221.Gras, Edwin C.62.Graustein, William C.40, 47, 53, 54.Graves, L.M.57, 59, 64.Gray, William333, 336.Greene, Peter H.281.Grenander, Ulf234, 237, 248, 250.Grey Advertising Agency, Inc.193Grinnell College230-234, 236.Grisoff, Stephen F.303, 305.Guldberg, Alf42.Gupta, Sen5, 6.Gurland, John313, 321, 323, 325, 328- 331, 334. See also: University of Wisconsin Mathematics Research Center.Guth, Eugene55, 57, 62.Guttinger, Werner256.Hadamard, Jacques29, 32, 41, 43, 161, 163.Hageman, Lloyd131.Hajek, Milos79.Halasz, S.T.295.Haladane, J.B.S.38, 39, 41-43, 45-47, 60, 72, 73, 79, 86, 89, 98, 103, 121, 133, 150, 174, 203, 204, 291, 310.Halmos, Paul R.66, 68.Halperin, Israel83.Halyserin, I.44.Handlin, Oscar166.Handworterbuch Der Sozialwissenschaften315, 316, 318.Handy Associates, Inc.291, 292.Hannum, Richard W.54.Hansen, G.286.Hardy, G.H.12, 19, 22, 24, 28, 30, 33, 35, 37, 38, 40, 47.Hardy, Gelston243, 248, 254.Harms, Meint131, 166, 219, 223, 234.Harper and Brotherss94, 136, 144, 165- 167, 178, 201, 203.Harreveld, Anthonie van98, 100.Harrison, George R.67, 68, 71, 70, 81, 107, 121, 132, 279, 301.Hart, J.G.6.Hart, J.N.13, 15.Hassenstein Bernard255, 291.Hatori, T.164.Hauser, Ernst A.106.Harvard University51, 126, 127, 158, 159, 161, 164, 209, 210, 241, 242, 257, 262, 274.Haucourt, Genevieve d'169.Hawkins, J.N.A.119, 156.The Hayden Planetarium176.Hazen, Harold L.49, 61, 71.Heckmann, O.265, 267, 269, 274.Hedenius, Per J.327.Hedrick, E.R.24, 25, 39, 43, 46.Heider, Fritz150.Hein, Piet128, 130, 131, 136, 178, 322, 232.Heins, Albert E.109, 110, 114, 122, 153, 160, 172.Henderson, Archibald46, 130.Henry Schuman, Inc., Publishers105, 107.Henshel, Harry B.287, 291.Hermann, Armin321.Hermann, Edwin87, 90.Hermann and Cie.79-84, 87, 117, 119, 120, 139, 198, 214, 216, 218, 219, 221, 252, 257, 273.Hermes, Hans325.Herriot, John G.58.Hertel, G.325.Hevane, T.42.Heyel, Carl126, 167, 231, 234. See also: Society for Advancement of Management.Heymans, Paul25, 26.Higgins, Thomas J.297.Hilbert, D.27, 30.Hildebrandt, T.H.31, 57, 59.Hille, Einar32-37, 39, 41, 42, 53, 60, 79.Hilsenrath, Seymour113, 114.Hilton, Alice Mary324, 331, 332, 335. See also: Electrical Manufacturing.Himes, Norman46, 56, 61.Hiong, King Lai42, 46.Hirano, E.43.History of Science Society192, 193, 201.Hoagland, Hudson74, 81, 82, 86, 91, 100, 114, 116, 145, 161, 207, 208, 213, 323.Hobson, Rosa38.Hocking, William Ernest15.Hoerule, R.F. Alfred13.Hogan, John V.L.196, 197.Holder, F.J.13.Hollcroft, Temple R.50, 59, 101, 103, 104, 107.Holton, Gerald127, 129, 300, 334.Holubar, Josef301.Hopf, Eberhard34, 35, 36, 47.Hopf, Heinz42.Hori, J.149, 152, 154.Hosokawa, Tadasu337.Hotelling, Harold59, 61.Houghton Mifflin, Co.91, 93, 94, 97, 102, 105-109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 124, 136, 139,140, 142, 143, 157, 163, 165, 190, 196-198, 217, 219, 222-224, 228, 280, 288, 329.Householder, Alston S.76, 77.Hsiao, Sidney C.T.51.Hua, L.K.45, 66, 71, 72.Hubbard, L. Ron121.Hughes Aircrafat Company178, 259, 262, 263, 270.Humanity Guild, Inc.306, 311.Hungarian Academy of Sciences284, 291.Hunneman, W.C.19.Hunter, W.S.55.Huntington, Edward V.14, 28, 60.I.B.M.70, 128, 246, 263, 264, 311, 314.I.F. Stone's Weekly234.Ichikawa, Kikuya276.Igel, Frederico Carlos269. Ikehara, Shikao34, 40-44, 54, 69, 87, 89, 94, 101, 108, 115, 121, 123, 149, 161, 162, 164, 187, 196, 200, 208, 211, 213, 215-221, 223-227, 231, 234, 251, 253, 262, 280, 299, 303, 306, 313, 315, 318, 321, 338.Ilotum, Robert C.37.Imahori, Katsumi129, 139, 143, 149.Incarbone, Saldtore266, 295.Indian Government156, 158-160, 178, 180, 182, 185, 211.Indian Mathematical Society108, 243.Indian Science Congress Association155, 174, 176, 178, 185.Industrial College of the Armed Forces162, 163, 165, 183, 184, 187, 189, 202, 203, 204, 209, 210, 327, 329, 330.Industrial Liaison Office204.Infelt, Leopold82, 83, 85.Information Theory Symposium217.Ingham, A.E.36, 42, 54, 55, 57, 217.Ingram, Wyatt H.25, 43, 53.Ingraham, Mark H.47, 56.Institut De Science Economique Appliquee217, 221.Institute for Associated Research110.Institute for Automation and Telecommunication320.Institute for Cancer Research234.Institute for Scientific Information310.Institute for the Unity of Science161.Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan222, 216.Institute of Mathematical Statistics75, 203.Institute of Patentees133.institute for Teachers of Mathematics185, 189.Institute of Early American History and Culture91, 99.Institute of International Education20, 43, 85, 86, 90, 92, 94.Institute of Radio Engineers81, 83, 85, 89, 101, 106, 108, 122, 126, 179, 186, 187, 188, 189, 191, 216, 237, 255, 256, 263, 265, 268, 281, 283, 285, 296.Instituto MatematicoSee: Segre, Beniamino.Instituto Politechnio Nacional.See: Mendez, Eugenio.Instrument Society of America Journal193, 196, 209.International Brain Research Organization291, 293.International Conference on Automatic Controls and Servo-mechanisms113, 114.International Conference on Scientific Information222, 241.International Congress of Mathematics53, 54, 83, 84, 85, 87, 90, 99, 126.International Design Conference207, 285, 290, 291, 294, 295, 206.International Humanist and Ethical Union296.International Mark Twain Society126.International Radio and Television Organization274.International Science and Technology309.International Seminar for Students of Philosophy227.International Signifisch Genootschap167.International Society of Cybernetic Medicine306, 308, 310, 327, 328.International Standard Electric Corporation47.International Telephone and Telegraph Laboratory, Inc.35.international Union of Electrical Radio and Machine Workers175.Irtem, Ali289, 306.Iversen, Olav Hilmas289.Izumi, Shin-ichi42.Jackson, Dugald C.74.Jackson, Dunham56, 57, 60, 61, 62.Jackson, Gardner32.Jackson, Geraldine148.Jakobson, Roman92.Javits, Jacob258.J.B. Lippincott Company201, 204.Jelenko, Victor164.Jessen, Borge38.Jewett, Frank B.55, 59, 60, 61.The Jewish Advocate39, 42.J.L. Hudson Company226, 227.John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation104, 270, 286 (see also H.A. Moe.)John Wiley and Sons, Inc.80, 84-86, 95, 97, 98, 102, 104, 105, 112, 120-123, 135-137, 143, 144, 148, 149, 162, 167, 172, 175-180, 182, 194, 196, 217, 218, 226, 233, 241, 242, 245, 247, 251, 255, 281, 284, 292, 298, 323, 329.Johns Hopkins University168, 230, 231.Johnson, Howard W.220, 222, 237, 245.Johnson, Roger A.45, 46.Johnson and Johnson116, 117.Jones, D.S.264, 265.Jones, R. Clark267, 272.Jope, Ralph T.36.Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation71, 104, 125, 166, 171.Jourard, Sidney M.262.Journal of Applied Physics144, 180, 183.Journal of the Acoustical Society of America122.Journal of the Optical Society of America159, 162, 169, 217, 243, 244.Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods12.Le Journal Technique288.Juniata College92, 99.Kac, Mark55, 63, 66, 69, 70, 72, 319.Kahane, Henry and Renee241.Kahn, Rudolf39.Kakutani, Shizuo51, 58, 59, 60, 86, 184.Kalinske, A.A.49.Kallen, Horace M.41, 87, 90, 91, 92, 97, 98, 101, 103.Kallianpur, G.218, 219, 223.Kanner, Oscar93.Kappers, J. Ariens325.Karamata, Jovan2, 32, 46.Karapetoff, Vladimir60.Karpovich, Michael59.Kastenmeier, Robert W.269, 273, 275, 276, 278.Kaufman, M. Ralph51.Kawaguchi, A.242.Keenan, Joseph H.336.Keller, Helen111.Kellogg, Oliver D.24, 26, 28, 30, 31.Kelly, Brenton117.Kemble, Robert P.101, 106.Kemp, Robert129, 131.Kent, Norton Adams28.Kent, Rockwell135, 137.Kepes, Gyorgy140, 141.Keyes, Fredrick G.304, 305.Kiely, Robert F.192, 193.Killian, James Rhyne33-35, 36, 56, 104, 117, 141, 144, 216.Kimpara, Atsushi233, 246, 247.Kingsford, R.A.L.45.Kirby, William H. Jr.331.Kirkwood, John G.47.Kissinger, Henry A.195, 197, 201.Kitagawa, Tosio131, 176, 226.Klambauer, Gabriel293.Klapper, Paul59.Klein, M.63.Kline, J. Robert21, 39, 40, 50, 61, 62, 63, 66, 67-69, 71-73, 76, 79, 81, 83-85, 89, 91, 92-94, 99, 101-103, 105, 127.Klug, Ulrich230, 235.Knoll, Max262, 264, 310, 314.Knolle, Peter260.Koffler, Arthur253.Koga, Issac237.Koga, T.185.Kolman, Arnost316, 322.Koosis, Paul228.Korn, Arthur49.Korzybski, Alfred25, 90, 99, 100, 106, 109.Kosambi, D.D.39, 72, 73, 80, 97, 248- 251.Kosciuszko Foundation52, 56.Kotelly, John Christopher284, 285, 287, 289, 332.Kraemer, A.324.Kraft, Gotthold122.Kraus, Arthur J.151.Krishnan, K.S.78.Krishnavao, Gode V.192.Ksiazka, I. Wiedza262, 263, 264, 287, 299, 301.Ku, Y.H.42, 121.Kuntz, Paul G.327.Kutschera, Viggo Victor176.Kutzner, Hugo R. Paul122, 124, 134, 162.Laconia Evening Citizen123, 131, 176, 250.Landauer, Carl41.Landis, Janet201, 219, 221.Lap, Hannah36.Laremba, S.28, 36.Lasker, Edward122.Latil, Pierre de126, 127.Latour, Robert144.La Vallee Poussin, Louis de27, 30.Lavocat, R.310.Leaderman, Herbert223.League for Industrial Democracy131, 322, 323, 325.Leavitt, Laura S.151, 152, 167.Lebiz, N.30.Lee, Bernard S.115, 116, 117.Lee, Robert J.153, 154.Lee, Yuk Wing32-36, 40-45, 48, 60, 61, 175, 195, 198.Lefschetz, S.28, 35, 38, 39, 47, 49, 53, 56, 60, 68, 93.Lehrman, Edgar H.295, 296, 298.Leimann, Eugene38.Lemaire, J.See: Association Internationale de Cybernetique.Lemke, William118.Lenox, William G.134.Leonard, Bill169.Lerner, Max172.Letov, A.M.255, 278, 292, 335, 336.Lettvin, Jerome Y.70, 78, 321.Leverhulme Research Fellowships42.Levine, Samuel54, 56.Levinson, Norman40-43, 46, 55, 60, 63, 175.Levy, Paul23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 32, 35, 36.Lewis, C.I.14.Liaigre, L.99.The Liberal Arts Press121, 122, 130.Liberty Mutual308, 321, 328, 331.Lichtenstein, Leon25, 27-30, 32, 34, 35, 37.Life93, 95, 113, 135, 164, 165, 194, 217.Linder, Robert158.Lionnais, F. Lee197, 198.Lippe, Aschwin119, 121, 125.Littauer, Sebastian B.85-87, 92, 93, 96, 112, 113, 128, 147.Little, Brown and Company189, 193, 195, 268.Littlewood, J.E.35, 102.Litzinger, Marie56, 58, 107.Lochak, G.324.Locke, William N.119, 268, 272.Lockheed Missiles and Space Company325.Loeve, Michel97, 113.Lomnitz, Cinna158, 308.London Mathematical Society38.Look192, 205, 210, 298.Lorch, E.R.70, 129, 131, 142.Lorch, Lee117, 259, 260, 266, 269, 276.Lord and Taylor's American Design Awards96, 112, 114, 115, 146.Los Angeles City College262, 263.Lotka, Alfred J.57, 58, 86.Louis, Joe60.Lovett, Robert Morse131.Lowan, Arnold N.59.Lowell, A. Lawrence15.Lowell Institute Cooperative Broadcasting Council125, 140, 131, 150, 237.Lowenstein, Karl40, 41.Lowner, Karl40.Luedicke, Eduard238, 239, 240.Luria, S.E.193.Lush, Brandon260, 261, 284.Lutcke and Wulff34, 35.Lyle, Floyd37, 38.Lynn Committee for China Relief52. McAfee, Mildred52.McBride, Mary Margaret124, 167.McCormack, PeterSee: Committee to Secure Justice for Morton Sobell.McCulloch, Warren S.70-73, 77, 81, 85, 87, 94, 96, 97, 101, 118, 128.McGowan, Patrick G.111.McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.53, 70, 92, 93, 100, 108, 190, 219, 257.Machol, Robert E.302. See also: Purdue University.MacInnes, Duncan A.114, 166, 334.MacKay, D.M.314.McLuhan, H. Marshall135, 143.McMillan, Brockway55, 59, 60.Macmillan Company39, 65, 77, 90, 91, 207, 210, 223.McShane, E.J.69, 146, 253, 256, 300.Madow, William G.43, 236.Magoun, Jr., Francis P.40.Mahalanobis, P.C.80, 169, 175, 176, 188, 189, 194, 208, 209, 210, 214, 216.Mahler, Kurt29, 34, 51, 54.Mainstream243, 244.Malkin, I.38.Mandelbrojt, M.S.72, 75, 77, 79, 84, 94, 105, 107, 108, 131, 152, 191.Mandelbrot, Benoit215, 224.Mangold, K.P.266, 267, 279, 287, 291, 305.Manildi, J.F.95, 96.Mann, Thomas131.Mannix, Loretta H.339.Marcus, Michael B.257, 262, 270, 276, 289, 290, 299.Margenau, Henry307.Maria, Alfred, J.24, 29.Marks, Robert W.97.Marsalis, John H.118.Marshall, Thomas Jr.219, 234, 277.Martasian, Paul G.190.Martin, William Ted.48, 66, 68, 84, 105, 118, 123, 135, 153, 188, 198, 199, 227, 230, 279, 289, 292, 298, 305, 319, 321, 325.Maruyama, Magoroh206, 207, 209, 210, 211, 251.Marvin, Edgar147, 150.Masani, Pesi188, 192, 193, 217, 218, 220, 222, 223, 226, 229, 230, 232, 234, 244, 248, 249, 250, 251, 254, 255, 263, 266, 269, 275, 282, 286, 294, 296, 297 298, 306.Masaryk, Thomas E.34.Massachusetts Committee to Boycott Japanese Goods49.Massachusetts General Hospital117, 222.M.I.T. - The Dramashop112, 126.M.I.T. Graduate House110, 111.M.I.T. Hillel Society325.The M.I.T. Press79, 84, 85, 92, 103, 105, 107, 108, 135, 138, 142, 143, 144, 163, 180, 188, 189, 194, 198, 254, 258, 272, 274, 285-287, 289, 297, 298, 301, 302, 318, 320, 324, 330, 334, 335, 337, 338.M.I.T. - School of Industrial Management289.M.I.T. Technology Christian Association203, 206, 209.Matanic, Gertrud nee Wiener246, 297, 304.Mathematical Association of America330, 331, 332.Mathematical Society of Japan216.Mathematics in Science and Engineering315, 319.Mathews, Jr. S.H.115, 116.Maulsby, Lillian F.A.3.Max, Louis William70, 71.Max Planck Institut Fuer Biologie333.Mayer, Hans F.324.Mayne, Robert87, 90.Mayo Clinic126.Mead, Margaret170, 243.Meaker, W. Lathrop88, 90, 91, 134.Means, J. Howard169, 177, 181.Mecklin, J.M.15.Medical Physics243, 249, 251, 252.Meharry Medical College120, 125, 126, 131, 133, 155, 159.Mei, Y.C.41, 42, 44, 46.Meister, R.K.103.Mendez, Eugenio266, 267.Menger, Karl33, 35, 46, 227.Menninger Foundation163, 164, 172.Metzer, K.307, 315.Metzger, Arnold206, 209, 223.Metzner, Wolfgang138, 154, 162, 220, 245, 320, 335.Meyer, Heinrich104, 105, 259.Michal, Aristotle D.70, 73.Michel, Gilbert131, 132, 133.Mid-Century Conference for Peace117.Ming, Nai-Te70.Minsky, Edward49, 50, 52.Mitchell, Joseph J.49.Mitir, Lothar31.Mitra, Samarendra Kumai87, 219, 221.Moe, Henry Allen28, 32, 44-46, 48, 49, 55, 59, 60, 62-66, 68, 69, 71, 75, 79, 83, 84, 131, 166, 178, 182, 183, 200, 204, 218, 220, 233, 276, 296, 298, 320.Molina, Edward C.96.The Monist307.Monnier, Marcel97, 102, 314.Montgomery, Deane59.Montroll, Elliott54, 169. See also: United States Navy.Moore, Ernest C.41.Mordell, L.60, 104, 182,219, 255.Moreland, Donald W.39.Morgenstern, Oskar75, 87, 92, 132.Morgulis, S.253, 263.Morison, Robert S.73, 75, 76, 79, 118, 173, 333.Morris, J.C.61, 63.Morse, Marston56, 57, 58.Morse, Philip M.219.Morton, Paul L.97, 98.Mosteller, Frederick81, 91, 93, 94.Mott, William S.16.Moulyn, Adrian C.123, 138.Mount Holyoke College106, 189-192.Muftic, Mahmoud K.285.Mullinix, R.C.97.Mullins, G.W.39.Mumford, Lewis128.Munding, Robert16.Munshower, C.W.55, 77.Munsterberg, Hugh7.Murnaghan, Francis D.31, 49, 55, 57.Murrow, Edward R.42, 168.Muscio, Bernard5, 7, 13, 15, 18, 19, 23, 24, 27, 28, 32.Muste, A.J.233.Muses, Charles A.127, 128, 130, 139, 151, 311.Myhill, J.R.104, 106, 108.Napalkov, A.V.286, 311.Nash, John159, 269.Nash, John F. 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See also: Iago Galdston.New York Academy of Sciences72, 84, 85, 147, 173, 237, 292, 294, 295, 297, 300, 302.New York Mirror125, 126, 128.New York School of Social Work48.New York Society for General Semantics, Inc.178, 180.New York Times93, 94, 99-101, 103, 104, 130, 131, 133, 142, 193, 202, 209, 227, 228.Newsweek166, 204, 205, 236, 255, 270, 283.New York University229, 231, 243, 245- 247, 257, 258, 261, 262.Neyman, Jerzy55, 56, 79, 99, 106, 111, 113, 179, 192, 193, 198, 203, 205, 207, 209, 219.Ng, Keng-Yong300.Nicolau, Edmond219.Nielson, John P.131.Nievergelt, Jurg299, 301, 304.Nihoul, Jacques C.J.312.Nobel, Werner195, 198, 199.Nordheim, L.W.45.Norlund, N.E.30, 31, 32.Northrop, F.S.C.70, 73, 75.Norwegian Academy of Technical Sciences336.Noyes, George R.3.Noyes, Waldo169, 297.Oakley, C.O.39.Oldenbourg, R.322.Oldenburger, Rufus46, 47, 53, 169.Olds, Edwin G.60.Olsen, G.A.32.Ono, Katuzi224, 233.Onsager, Lars70.Opatowski, I.62.Open Court Publishing Company13, 14.Operations Research Society of America178.Oppenheimer, Jane127, 129.Optical Society of America150, 152, 153, 154, 157, 177.Oue, K.3.Otto, Wolfgang170.Oxford University Press202.Paley, R.E.A.C.37.Palyi, Melchior41.Parade169, 170.Parsegian, V.L.306, 307, 308, 311, 315, 318, 322, 324, 326, 331, 335.Parske, Richard A.101, 103.Parschkis, Victor81, 83, 84, 95, 102, 112.Pasternak, Max116-120, 123, 124, 125.Pathfinder117, 127.Pati, T.285.Patterson, A.L.141, 179, 184, 263, 265, 270.Patton, William E.48.Paul, Felix319.Pauling, Linus126, 228, 290, 331.Peach, Bernard284, 285.Pearl, Raymond56.Pease, Craig289, 293, 297.Pell, Anna Johnson22.Pennsylvania State University115, 117, 207.Peres, J.52.Pergamon Press262, 264, 265, 266, 267, 270, 272.Perkinds, William Harvey90, 91.Pernecky, Paul121.Perry, Ralph B.15.Perspectives in Biology and Medicine226, 254, 255, 259, 261.P.F. 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