Finding Aid to the Papers of Henry Crew, 1833-1975

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Biography of Henry Crew

Henry Crew was born June 4, 1859 in Richmond, Ohio, the first son of William Henry and Deborah Ann Hargrave Crew. He had one brother, Charles, who died in-childhood, and two sisters, Carolyn and Winona. In 1882 Crew received his A.B. from Princeton University, where he had been enrolled in the classical course.

Crew's training in physics began with a one year graduate fellowship at Princeton, commencing in 1882. In 1883 he obtained a fellowship to study in Berlin under Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholz. At that time all Americans who were interested in experimental physics were obliged to study abroad, and if possible in Germany. In 1884 Crew returned to the United States and entered the new experimental physics doctoral program begun by Professor Henry Rowland at The Johns Hopkins University. Crew received his Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins in 1887. His dissertation topic was the "Doppler Determination of the Rotation Period of the Sun for Various Heliocentric Latitudes."

Crew spent 1887 and 1888 as an Assistant in Physics at Johns Hopkins. From 1888 to 1891 he was an Instructor in Physics at Haverford College. In 1891 he accepted a position as an astrophysicist at the Lick Observatory in California.

In 1890, Crew married Helen C. Coale. They had three children: Alice, born in 1892; Mildred, born in 1894; and William Henry, born in 1899. Helen Crew died in 1941 at the age of 74.

In the fall of 1892 Crew took the position of Fayerweather Professor of Physics at Northwestern. He held that position, as well as the chairmanship of the physics department, until 1930, when he took a leave of absence to become the Chief of the Division of Basic Sciences at the Century of Progress International Exposition in Chicago. He was in charge of all scientific exhibits at the fair. On September 1, 1933 Crew's leave expired and he retired from the University.

Crew's academic career had two phases. Upon the receipt of his Ph.D. he began work in the relatively new field of spectroscopy, and especially its applications to astrophysics. At the turn of the twentieth century physicists were just beginning to develop instruments sufficiently sophisticated to make the creation and analysis of spectra worthwhile. Crew contributed to the growth of the new field by constructing a number of new instruments for the creation and elucidation of solar spectra.

Crew continued to be an active research physicist during the first two decades of the twentieth century. However, his primary interest began to shift to the history of physics. In 1914 he published a translation of Galileo's Two New Sciences with Albert De Salvio and in 1928 he published The Rise of Modern Physics.

Crew also devoted a great deal of time to his classroom work. Throughout his career at Northwestern he taught the introductory physics course. In addition, he published a number of widely used textbooks; including A Laboratory Manual of Physics (1902), General Physics (1908), and The Elements of Physics (1909).

After his wife's death in 1941 Crew abandoned his postretirement research. He did write several articles for encyclopedaea and worked on a number of translation projects. He continued to live in his home on Library Place in Evanston until his death at the age of 93 on February 17, 1953.

In 1941 Crew was awarded the Oersted Medal for his contributions to teaching by the American Association of Physics Teachers. He was made a Chevalier of the Order of the Crown of Italy for his many translations. Crew also received honorary degrees from the University of Michigan (1914), Princeton (1922), and Northwestern (1937).

Crew held memberships in numerous scientific and intellectual organizations. He was president of the American Physical Society (1909-10), the History of Science Society (1930), the American Association of University Professors (1929), and the Illinois State Academy of Science (1913). He was a member of the Optical Society of America, American Astronomical Society, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Academy of Arts and Science, the American Philosophical Society, and the Padua Club. He was elected to membership in the National Academy of Science in 1909. Crew served as the Associate editor of the Astrophysical Journal for over thirty years. lie published one hundred twenty three articles and twelve books during his career.

Scope and Contents of Collection

The Henry Crew Papers, comprising seven boxes, are arranged in two main categories: correspondence and diaries. Three folders of biographical materials precede the correspondence. Four folders of notebooks and one folder of publications and bibliographies follow the diaries. The papers richly document Crew's career and personal life from his graduate school days in the 1880s to his death at age 93 in 1953. Crew was an important figure in the development of experimental physics in the United States, as well as an influential educator in the period of transition from classical to modern physics in American higher education. His contributions to the history of physics are equally significant and represent the basis of his current status in the scientific community. The papers illuminate Crew's multiple roles as an experimental scientist, an educator, and an historian of science.

Correspondence

Crew's correspondence, comprising the first two and three quarters boxes of his papers, cover the years 1882 to 1953. The correspondence folders, with a few exceptions, are arranged alphabetically by the surname of the correspondent. Within each folder the correspondence is, for the most part, arranged chronologically. Variations from this scheme of arrangement were retained by the University Archives in order to preserve the congruence between the order of the hard copy and the microfilm copy of Crew's Papers, and thus to facilitate access to both formats. Variations in the chronological arrangement of correspondence within folders most often occurs in the event of a series of letters being exchanged on the same topic. Exceptions to the alphabetical surname arrangement of folders consists of four folders of correspondence received from the American Institute of Physics and two folders of correspondence added to the Papers as received from the Institute out of the biographical file of the Northwestern University Archives. These aberrant files pertain to specific subjects: a position with The Bureau of Weights and Measures, a fellowship to Johns Hopkins, recommendations to the Nobel Committee, participation in the Physics Club of Chicago, Northwestern physics department files, and miscellaneous correspondence. They often contain correspondence with individuals represented in the alphabetical correspondence folders. Some correspondence folders of well-known individuals, such as A.A. Michelson and George Ellery Hale, contain clippings and publications in addition to correspondence. These materials are filed after the correspondence.

With the exception of two folders of Crew family correspondence, the vast bulk of Crew's correspondence is with other physicists, astronomers, and scientists. Opinions were solicited and given about the qualifications of colleagues for various academic and administrative positions. For example, in 1907 the astronomer George Ellery Hale was engaged in a search for a new president of the Throop Institute. He wrote asking Crew's opinion of several men and any suggestions Crew might have. A number of letters were exchanged on the subject. Experimental physics was relatively new in the United States and the pool of capable manpower was limited and well known to everyone in the field, making the process of filling vacant positions a major task at institutions attempting to upgrade their programs in physics.

Another frequent topic of Crew's correspondence was the current state of a particular scientific inquiry. Crew wrote to ask Hale about some telescopic modifications he was considering. Nobel laureate A.A. Michelson wrote asking to borrow a quantity of chemicals from Crew for his investigations. It is evident that a science in its formative stages required a great deal of cooperation among its practitioners.

The topic that occupied the largest portion of Crew's correspondence were his professional social obligations. These obligations included notes recognizing the accomplishments of others and thanks for their recognition of his achievements. Many letters introduced scientists visiting the area and asking Crew to provide some form of hospitality. Crew's correspondence include many invitations to participate in conferences, seminars, and meetings, as in 1909 when he was asked, in his capacity as president of the American Physical Society, to attend an international meeting of physicists in Canada. Crew also wrote letters acknowledging and commenting upon the lectures and publications of colleagues.

One folder of miscellaneous correspondence has been added to the Papers from the University Archives biographical files. This folder contains photocopies of letterbook copies of Crew correspondence rewritten between 1904 and 1906 in the University Club. The family correspondence is mainly between Crew and his sister Carolyn and Crew and his son William Henry. It covers a wide range of domestic and family matters.

Diaries

Crew was a dedicated diarist and his diaries provide a splendid record of his daily professional and personal life. The papers contain two and one quarter boxes of diaries. The first fourteen folders contain forty seven daily diaries covering the years 1876 to 1953. The diaries become progressively more detailed, philosophical, and insightful. They include such mundane occurances as weather reports and such deeply moving personal events as the period of illness leading to his wife's death. The diaries detail Crew's activities on the Northwestern campus with notes about committees and students and in the larger scientific community in entries concerning professional meetings, papers given and responses to new ideas and theories. The diaries provide Crew's perceptions of the events of the day and about himself, as when he recorded every detail of his learning to drive in the years after his retirement in 1933. In addition to the daily diaries Crew kept special diaries on those trips to Europe in 1895, 1921, and 1927.

The daily diaries are indexed for the years 1930 to 1952. Diary pages are numbered from 1 to 5166 and Crew indexed entries by individual names, events, and organizations. There are two forms of the index. The first is an alphabetically arranged looseleaf notebook and the second is an alphabetically arranged 3"X5" card file.

Prominent Correspondents

Crew corresponded with a number of men notable in the history of science. There are folders of correspondence with Nobel laureates Albert A. Michelson (Box 2, Folder 14) and Robert Millikan (Box 2, Folder 15). There is also some Michelson correspondence in the Physics Club of Chicago folder (Box 2, Folder 21). Correspondence with pioneer physics educator Henry Rowland is filed in Box 2, Folder 24. Correspondence between Crew and astronomer George Ellery Hale can be found in Box 1, Folder 27 and Box 2, Folder 1. In Box 1, Folder 11 is Crew's correspondence with early astrophysicist Alfred Brashear. In addition, the papers contain one folder of correspondence between Crew's son, William, and the distinguished English physicist Ernest Rutherford (Box 3, Folder 1).

Alternate Formats of this Collection

This collection also available in microfilm.

Several of Crew's daily diaries, with entries dating from January 1, 1917 through December 31, 1939, were microfilmed in June, 1985. The master negatives for these films, on two reels, are held by the University Archives.

Access to Collection

No restrictions.

Restrictions on Use of Collection

No restrictions.

Provenance and Acquisition Information

The Henry Crew Papers (with the exception of five folders) were transferred to the University Archives by the American Institute of Physics, through the courtesy of Ms. Joan Warnow, Archivist for the Institute, on April 14, 1981 (Accession #81-80). The papers were originally donated to the Institute by Crew's children William and Mildred. As part of the transfer arrangements between the Institute and the University Archives, the Papers were microfilmed. The master negative is held by the University Archives, while the Institute retained a positive copy.

Processing Information

This collection was processed by Thomas Dorst in June 1981.

Note: Because the bulk of the Henry Crew Papers were microfilmed prior to their transfer to the University Archives, materials already held by the Archives were not interfiled into the body of the Papers. Those folders that are not part of the microfilm copy of the Papers are denoted by an asterisk on the Container List.

Preferred Citation of Collection

Cite as: Henry Crew Papers (11/3/21/1), Northwestern University.

Materials Separated from Collection

1. Certificate - "Fellow" of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

2. Certificate - R. Accademia di Scienze Lettere ed Arti di Padova.

3. Certificate - American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.

4. Certificate - National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

5. Certificate - Chicago Astronomical Society.

6. Certificate of Examination - College of New Jersey, Honor Courses in Geology.

7. Certificate - Societas Cliophica.

8. Honorary Degree - Northwestern University.

9. Honorary Degree - Princeton University.

10. Honorary Degree - University of Michigan.

11. Rowland Solar Spectrum.

12. Microfilm - Master of the Henry Crew Papers (3 rolls).

Container List

Box 1	Folder 1	*Biographical Material 1964-1975

	Folder 2	*Northwestern Faculty Bio. Forms 1939-n.d.

	Folder 3	*Clippings and Obituaries 1936-1953

	Folder 4	A Abbe-Aston 1898-1933

	Folder 5	Ames, Joseph Sweetman 1889-1900

	Folder 6	Ames, Joseph Sweetman 1901-1918

	Folder 7	Ames, Joseph Sweetman 1920-1944

	Folder 8	B Baly-Burnham 1883-1948

	Folder 9	Barnard, Edward E. 1907-1922

	Folder 10	Bell, Louis 1894-1927

	Folder 11	Brashear, John Alfred 1901-1908

	Folder 12	Briggs, Lyman James 1925-1928

	Folder 13	Bucherer, Alfred Heinrich 1907-1925

	Folder 14	Bureau of Weights and Measures 1889

	Folder 15	C Cajori-Curme 1887-1933

	Folder 16	Chamberlin, Thomas C. 1906-1928

	Folder 17	Compton, Karl T. 1912-1929

	Folder 18	D Deering-Dyche 1887-1926

	Folder 19	*Department Correspondence 1893-1945 Northwestern Physics Dept.

	Folder 20	E Eccles-Eve 1913-1933

	Folder 21	F Fabry-Frost 1900-1938

	Folder 22	Fauaro, Antonio 1912-1923

	Folder 23	Fellowship to Johns Hopkins 1882-1885

	Folder 24	Fields, John Charles 1909-1932

	Folder 25	G Gaillard-Guyot 1882-1933

	Folder 26	H Hagen-Hibben 1894-1933

	Folder 27	Hale, George Ellery 1892-1906

Box 2	Folder 1	Hale, George Ellery 1907-1967

	Folder 2	Hall, Edwin Herbert 1894-1939

	Folder 3	Hallock, William 1909

	Folder 4	Hulbert, Edward 0. 1926-1936

	Folder 5	Hutchinson, Cary T. 1923-1933

	Folder 6	J. Janssen-Julius 1887-1932

	Folder 7	K Kayser-Knudsen 1913-1932, n.d.

	Folder 8	Keeler, James E. 1896

	Folder 9	Kimball, Arthur Lelane 1883-1929

	Folder 10	L Laing-Lyman 1904-1937, n.d.

	Folder 11	M MacFarlane-Munsterberg 1887-1952, n.d.

	Folder 12	Magie, William Francis 1900-1914

	Folder 13	McCormack, Thomas Joseph 1897-1932

	Folder 14	Michelson, Albert Abraham 1894-1954

	Folder 15	Millikan, Robert Andrews 1904-1954

	Folder 16	Moore, Eliakim Hastings 1902-1917

	Folder 16A	Mulliken, Robert S. 1924-1928

	Folder 17	N Newall-Nutting 1904-1929, n.d.

	Folder 18	Nobel Committee

	Folder 19	O Oersted-Osborn 1915-1931

	Folder 20	P Page-Pupin 1883-1929

	Folder 21	Physics Club of Chicago 1912-1953

	Folder 22	Q 1904

	Folder 23	R Remson-Rosa 1901-1929

	Folder 24	Rowland, Henry Augustus 1883-1966

	Folder 25	Runge, Carl 1896-1910

Box 3	Folder 1	Rutherford, Ernest 1914-1935

	Folder 2	S Salrine-Swann 1888-1936

	Folder 3	Saunders, Fredrick A. 1924-1929

	Folder 4	T Tacchissi-Trowbridge 189?-1941

	Folder 5	Vincent, J.H. 1900

	Folder 6	W Watteville-Woodward 1897-1928

	Folder 7	Wadsworth, Frank L.O. 1896-1926

	Folder 8	Walcott, Charles 0. 1904-1921

	Folder 9	Webster, Arthur Gordon 1900-1923

	Folder 10	Winston, George 1896

	Folder 11	Wood, Robert William 1897-1949

	Folder 12	XYZ Young-Zeeman 1904-1922

	Folder 13	Young, Charles Augustus 1895-1904

	Folder 14	*Miscellaneous Correspondence 1904-1906

	Folder 15	Crew Family Correspondence 1833, 1883-1906

	Folder 16	Crew Family Correspondence 1910-1952

	Folder 17	Miscellaneous Correspondence n.d.

	Folder 18	Diaries 1876-1877

	Folder 19	Diaries 1878-1881

Box 4	Folder 1	Diaries 1882-1885

	Folder 2	Diaries 1886-1889

	Folder 3	Diaries 1904, 1907-1909

	Folder 4	Diaries 1910-1912

	Folder 5	Diaries 1913-1915, 1917-1921

Box 5	Folder 1	Diaries 1922-1926, 1930-1932

	Folder 2	Diaries 1933-1936

	Folder 3	Diaries 1937-1940

	Folder 4	Diaries 1941-1944

	Folder 5	Diaries 1945-1948

Box 6	Folder 1	Diaries 1949-1952

	Folder 2	Diary 1953

	Folder 3	Diaries-European Trips 1895, 1921, 1927

	Folder 4	Daily Engagement Books 1906-1909, 1935-1953

	Folder 5	Debate Notes 1881

	Folder 6	Memoranda Books 1900(2), 1901(2), 1903

	Folder 7	Notebooks-Physics 1880-1940

	Folder 8	* Publications and Bibliographies

	Folder 9	Index to Crew Diaries (Notebook) 1930-1953

Box 7		Index to Crew Diaries n.d. (3" x 5" card file)