Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme
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30. ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS 

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31.   Electronic structure of atoms and molecules: theory

31.10.+z   Theory of electronic structure, electronic transitions, 
                 and chemical binding

31.15.-p   Calculations and mathematical techniques in atomic and molecular 
                 physics (excluding electron correlation calculations) (see also 02.70.-c
                 computational techniques, in mathematical methods in physics)

31.15.Ar   Ab initio calculations 

31.15.Bs   Statistical model calculations (including Thomas–Fermi and 
                 Thomas–Fermi–Dirac models) 

31.15.Ct   Semi-empirical and empirical calculations (differential overlap, Hückel, 
                PPP methods, etc.) 

31.15.Dv   Coupled-cluster theory 

31.15.Ew   Density-functional theory 

31.15.Fx   Finite-difference schemes 

31.15.Gy   Semiclassical methods 

31.15.Hz   Group theory 

31.15.Ja   Hyperspherical methods 

31.15.Kb   Path-integral methods 

31.15.Lc   Quasiparticle methods 

31.15.Md   Perturbation theory 

31.15.Ne   Self-consistent-field methods 

31.15.Pf   Variational techniques 

31.15.Qg   Molecular dynamics and other numerical methods 

31.15.Rh   Valence bond calculations 

31.25.-v   Electron correlation calculations for atoms and molecules

31.25.Eb   Electron correlation calculations for atoms and ions: ground state 

31.25.Jf   Electron correlation calculations for atoms and ions: excited states 

31.25.Nj   Electron correlation calculations for diatomic molecules 

31.25.Qm   Electron correlation calculations for polyatomic molecules 

31.30.-i   Corrections to electronic structure

31.30.Gs   Hyperfine interactions and isotope effects, Jahn-Teller effect 

31.30.Jv   Relativistic and quantum electrodynamic effects in atoms and molecules 
 

31.50.-x     Potential energy surfaces (for potential energy surfaces for 
                     chemical reactions, see 82.20.Kh; for collisions, see 34.20.Mq)

31.50.Bc   Potential energy surfaces for ground electronic states 

31.50.Df   Potential energy surfaces for excited electronic states 

31.50.Gh   Surface crossings, non-adiabatic couplings 

31.70.-f   Effects of atomic and molecular interactions on electronic structure
                (see also 34 Atomic and molecular collision processes and interactions)

31.70.Dk   Environmental and solvent effects 

31.70.Hq   Time-dependent phenomena: excitation and relaxation processes, and 
                   reaction rates (for chemical kinetics aspects, see 82.20.Rp)

31.70.Ks   Molecular solids 

31.90.+s   Other topics in the theory of the electronic structure of atoms 
                             and  molecules (restricted to new topics in 
                        section 31)

32.   Atomic properties and interactions with photons

32.10.-f   Properties of atoms 

32.10.Bi   Atomic masses, mass spectra, abundances, and isotopes (for mass 
                       spectroscopy, see 07.75.+h in instruments,, and 82.80.Ms, Nj, Rt
                             in physical chemistry and chemical physics)

32.10.Dk   Electric and magnetic moments, polarizability 

32.10.Fn   Fine and hyperfine structure 

32.10.Hq   Ionization potentials, electron affinities 

32.30.-r   Atomic spectra

32.30.Bv   Radio-frequency, microwave, and infrared spectra 

32.30.Dx   Magnetic resonance spectra 

32.30.Jc   Visible and ultraviolet spectra 

32.30.Rj   X-ray spectra 

32.50.+d   Fluorescence, phosphorescence (including quenching)

32.60.+i   Zeeman and Stark effects

32.70.-n   Intensities and shapes of atomic spectral lines

32.70.Cs   Oscillator strengths, lifetimes, transition moments 

32.70.Fw   Absolute and relative intensities 

32.70.Jz   Line shapes, widths, and shifts 

32.80.-t   Photon interactions with atoms (see also 42.50 Quantum optics)

32.80.Bx   Level crossing and optical pumping 

32.80.Cy   Atomic scattering, cross sections, and form factors; Compton scattering 

32.80.Dz   Autoionization 

32.80.Fb   Photoionization of atoms and ions 

32.80.Gc   Photodetachment of atomic negative ions 

32.80.Hd   Auger effect and inner-shell excitation or ionization 

32.80.Lg   Mechanical effects of light on atoms, molecules, and ions 

32.80.Pj   Optical cooling of atoms; trapping 

32.80.Qk   Coherent control of atomic interactions with photons 

32.80.Rm   Multiphoton ionization and excitation to highly excited states (e.g., 
                   Rydberg states) 

32.80.Wr   Other multiphoton processes 

32.80.Ys   Weak-interaction effects in atoms 

32.90.+a   Other topics in atomic properties and interactions of atoms 
                        with photons (restricted to new topics in section 32)

33.   Molecular properties and interactions with photons

33.15.-e   Properties of molecules

33.15.Bh   General molecular conformation and symmetry; stereochemistry 

33.15.Dj   Interatomic distances and angles 

33.15.Fm   Bond strengths, dissociation energies 

33.15.Hp   Barrier heights (internal rotation, inversion, rotational isomerism, 
                conformational dynamics) 

33.15.Kr   Electric and magnetic moments (and derivatives), polarizability, and 
                 magnetic susceptibility 

33.15.Mt   Rotation, vibration, and vibration–rotation constants 

33.15.Pw   Fine and hyperfine structure 

33.15.Ry   Ionization potentials, electron affinities, molecular core binding energy 

33.15.Ta   Mass spectra 

33.15.Vb   Correlation times in molecular dynamics 

33.20.-t   Molecular spectra

33.20.Bx   Radio-frequency and microwave spectra 

33.20.Ea   Infrared spectra 

33.20.Fb   Raman and Rayleigh spectra (including optical scattering) 

33.20.Kf   Visible spectra 

33.20.Lg   Ultraviolet spectra 

33.20.Ni   Vacuum ultraviolet spectra 

33.20.Rm   X-ray spectra 

33.20.Sn   Rotational analysis 

33.20.Tp   Vibrational analysis 

33.20.Vq   Vibration–rotation analysis 

33.20.Wr   Vibronic, rovibronic, and rotation–electron-spin interactions 

33.25.+k   Nuclear resonance and relaxation (see also 76.60.-k Nuclear 
                  magnetic resonance and relaxation in condensed matter  and 82.56.-b 
                  in physical chemistry and chemical physics)

                     33.35.+r   Electron resonance and relaxation(see also 76.30.-v Electron 
                 paramagnetic resonance and relaxation in condensed matter)

33.40.+f   Multiple resonances (including double and higher-order resonance 
                 processes, such as double nuclear magnetic resonance, electron 
                 double resonance, and microwave optical double resonance) (see 
                  also 76.70.-r Magnetic double resonances and cross effects in 
                 condensed matter)

33.45.+x   Mössbauer spectra (see also 76.80.+y Mössbauer effect; other 
                  x-ray spectroscopy)

33.50.-j   Fluorescence and phosphorescence; radiationless transitions, 
                quenching (intersystem crossing, internal conversion) (for energy 
                 transfer, see also 34)

33.50.Dq   Fluorescence and phosphorescence spectra 

33.50.Hv   Radiationless transitions, quenching 

33.55.-b   Optical activity and dichroism; magnetooptical and electrooptical
                 spectra

33.55.Ad   Optical activity, optical rotation; circular dichroism 

33.55.Be   Zeeman and Stark effects 

33.55.Fi   Other magnetooptical and electrooptical effects 

33.60.-q   Photoelectron spectra

33.60.Cv   Ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet photoelectron spectra 

33.60.Fy   X-ray photoelectron spectra 

33.70.-w   Intensities and shapes of molecular spectral lines and bands

33.70.Ca   Oscillator and band strengths, lifetimes, transition moments, and 
                Franck–Condon factors 

33.70.Fd   Absolute and relative line and band intensities 

33.70.Jg   Line and band widths, shapes, and shifts 

33.80.-b   Photon interactions with molecules (see also 42.50 Quantum optics)

33.80.Be   Level crossing and optical pumping 

33.80.Eh   Autoionization, photoionization, and photodetachment 

33.80.Gj   Diffuse spectra; predissociation, photodissociation 

33.80.Ps   Optical cooling of molecules; trapping 

33.80.Rv   Multiphoton ionization and excitation to highly excited states (e.g., 
                  Rydberg states) 

33.80.Wz   Other multiphoton processes 

33.90.+h   Other topics in molecular properties and interactions with photons 
                 (restricted to new topics in section 33)

34.   Atomic and molecular collision processes and interactions (for atomic, 
                  molecular, and ionic collisions in plasma, see 52.20.Hv)

34.10.+x   General theories and models of atomic and molecular collisions and 
                  interactions (including statistical theories, transition state, stochastic 
                  and trajectory models, etc.)

34.20.-b   Interatomic and intermolecular potentials and forces, potential 
                 energy surfaces for collisions

34.20.Cf   Interatomic potentials and forces 

34.20.Gj   Intermolecular and atom–molecule potentials and forces 

34.20.Mq   Potential energy surfaces for collisions (see also 82.20.Kh Potential 
                 energy surfaces for chemical reactions)

34.30.+h   Intramolecular energy transfer; intramolecular dynamics; dynamics 
                  of van der Waals molecules

34.50.-s   Scattering of atoms and molecules

34.50.Bw   Energy loss and stopping power 

34.50.Dy   Interactions of atoms and molecules with surfaces; 
                     photon and electron emission; neutralization of ions (for surface
                   characterization by particle-surface scattering, see 68.49.-h in surfaces, 
                     interfaces, thin films, and low-dimensional structures) 

34.50.Ez   Rotational and vibrational energy transfer 

34.50.Fa   Electronic excitation and ionization of atoms (including beam–foil 
                excitation and ionization) 

34.50.Gb   Electronic excitation and ionization of molecules; intermediate molecular 
                 states (including lifetimes, state mixing, etc.) 

34.50.Lf   Chemical reactions, energy disposal, and angular distribution, as 
                      studied by atomic and molecular beams 

34.50.Pi   State-to-state scattering analyses 

34.50.Rk   Laser-modified scattering and reactions 

34.60.+z   Scattering in highly excited states (e.g., Rydberg states)

34.70.+e   Charge transfer (for charge transfer reactions, see 82.30.Fi 
                              in physical chemistry and chemical physics)

34.80.-i   Electron scattering (for electron collisions in plasma, see 52.20.Fs 
                            in physics of plasmas)

34.80.Bm   Elastic scattering of electrons by atoms and molecules 

34.80.Dp   Atomic excitation and ionization by electron impact 

34.80.Gs   Molecular excitation and ionization by electron impact 

34.80.Ht   Dissociation and dissociative attachment by electron impact 

34.80.Kw   Electron–ion scattering; excitation and ionization 

34.80.Lx   Electron–ion recombination and electron attachment 

34.80.My   Fundamental electron inelastic processes in weakly ionized gases 

34.80.Nz   Spin dependence of cross sections; polarized electron beam experiments 

34.80.Pa   Coherence and correlation in electron scattering 

34.80.Qb   Laser-modified scattering 

34.85.+x   Positron scattering

34.90.+q   Other topics in atomic and molecular collision processes and 
                  interactions (restricted to new topics in section 34)

36.            Exotic atoms and molecules; macromolecules; clusters

36.10.-k   Exotic atoms and molecules (containing mesons, muons, and other 
                 unusual particles)

36.10.Dr   Positronium, muonium, muonic atoms and molecules 

36.10.Gv   Mesonic atoms and molecules, hyperonic atoms and molecules 

36.20.-r   Macromolecules and polymer molecules (for polymer reactions
                      and polymerization, see 82.35.-x; for biological macromolecules
                      and polymers, see 87.14.-g and 87.15.-v)

36.20.Cw   Molecular weights, dispersity 

36.20.Ey   Conformation (statistics and dynamics) 

36.20.Fz   Constitution (chains and sequences) 

36.20.Hb   Configuration (bonds, dimensions) 

36.20.Kd   Electronic structure and spectra 

36.20.Ng   Vibrational and rotational structure, infrared and Raman spectra 

36.40.-c   Atomic and molecular clusters (see also 61.46.+w 
                      in condensed matter) 

36.40.Cg   Electronic and magnetic properties of clusters 

36.40.Ei   Phase transitions in clusters 

36.40.Gk   Plasma and collective effects in clusters 

36.40.Jn   Reactivity of clusters 

36.40.Mr   Spectroscopy and geometrical structure of clusters 

36.40.Qv   Stability and fragmentation of clusters 

36.40.Sx   Diffusion and dynamics of clusters 

36.40.Vz   Optical properties of clusters 

36.40.Wa   Charged clusters 

36.90.+f  Other exotic atoms and molecules; macromolecules; clusters (restricted to
                    new topics in section 36)

39.   Instrumentation and techniques for atomic and molecular physics

39.10.+j   Atomic and molecular beam sources and techniques

39.20.+q   Atom interferometry techniques(see also 03.75.-b Matter waves, 
                 and 03.75.Dg Atom and neutron interferometry in quantum mechanics) 

39.25+k  Atom manipulation (scanning probe microscopy, laser 
                    cooling, etc.)   (see also 82.37.Gk STM and AFM 
                    manipulations of a single molecule in physical chemistry 
                   and chemical physics)

39.30.+w   Spectroscopic techniques(see also 78.47.+p Time-resolved 
                  optical spectroscopies and other ultrafast optical measurements in 
                  condensed matter and 82.53.Kp in physical chemistry and chemical physics) 

39.90.+d   Other instrumentation and techniques for atomic and molecular
                  physics (restricted to new topics in section 39)

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