80. INTERDISCIPLINARY
PHYSICS AND RELATED AREAS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
81. Materials science
81.05.-t Specific materials: fabrication, treatment,
testing and analysis
... ... ... Superconducting materials, see
74.70 and 74.72
... ... ... Magnetic materials, see 75.50
... ... ... Optical materials, see 42.70
... ... ... Dielectric, piezoelectric, and
ferroelectric materials, see 77.84
... ... ... Colloids, gels, and emulsions,
see 82.70. Dd, Gg, Kj respectively
... ... ... Biological materials, see 87.14
... ... ... Molecular sieves, zeolites, and
other complex materials, see 82.75
81.05.Bx Metals, semimetals, and alloys
81.05.Cy Elemental semiconductors
81.05.Dz II–VI semiconductors
81.05.Ea III–V semiconductors
81.05.Gc Amorphous semiconductors
81.05.Hd Other semiconductors
81.05.Je Ceramics and refractories (including borides, carbides,
hydrides, nitrides, oxides, and silicides)
81.05.Kf Glasses (including metallic glasses)
81.05.Lg Polymers and plastics; rubber; synthetic and natural
fibers; organometallic and organic materials
81.05.Mh Cermets, ceramic and refractory composites
81.05.Ni Dispersion-, fiber-, and platelet-reinforced metal-based
composites
81.05.Pj Glass-based composites, vitroceramics
81.05.Qk Reinforced polymers and polymer-based composites
81.05.Rm Porous materials; granular materials
81.05.Tp Fullerenes and related materials
81.05.Uw Carbon, diamond, graphite
81.05.Zx New materials: theory, design, and fabrication
81.07.-b Nanoscale materials and structures: fabrication
and characterization
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
81.07.De Nanotubes
81.07.Lk Nanocontacts
81.07.Nb Molecular nanostructures
81.07.Pr Organic-inorganic hybrid nanostructures
81.07.St Quantum wells
81.07.Ta Quantum dots
81.07.Vb Quantum wires
81.07.Wx Nanopowders
81.10.-h Methods of crystal growth; physics of crystal
growth (for crystal structure, see 61)
81.10.Aj Theory and models of crystal growth; physics of
crystal growth,
crystal morphology and orientation
81.10.Bk Growth from vapor
81.10.Dn Growth from solutions
81.10.Fq Growth from melts; zone melting and refining
81.10.Jt Growth from solid phases (including multiphase
diffusion and recrystallization)
81.10.Mx Growth in microgravity environments
81.15.-z Methods of deposition of films and coatings;
film growth and epitaxy (for structure of thin films, see 68.55;
see also 85.40.Sz Deposition technology in microelectronics)
81.15.Aa Theory and models of film growth
81.15.Cd Deposition by sputtering
81.15.Ef Vacuum deposition
81.15.Fg Laser deposition
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced
CVD, MOCVD, etc.) (for chemistry of MOCVD, see 82.33.Ya in physical
chemistry and chemical physics)
81.15.Hi Molecular, atomic, ion, and chemical beam epitaxy
81.15.Jj Ion and electron beam-assisted deposition; ion
plating (see also 52.77.Dq in physics of plasmas)
81.15.Kk Vapor phase epitaxy; growth from vapor phase
81.15.Lm Liquid phase epitaxy; deposition from liquid phases
(melts, solutions, and surface layers on liquids)
81.15.Np Solid phase epitaxy; growth from solid phases
81.15.Pq Electrodeposition, electroplating
81.15.Rs Spray coating techniques
81.16.-c Methods of nanofabrication and processing
81.16.Be Chemical synthesis methods
81.16.Dn Self-assembly
81.16.Fg Supramolecular and biochemical assembly
81.16.Hc Catalytic methods
81.16.Mk Laser-assisted deposition
81.16.Nd Nanolithography
81.16.Pr Nanooxidation (see also 82.37.Np Single molecule
reaction kinetics in physical chemistry and chemical physics)
81.16.Rf Nanoscale pattern formation
81.16.Ta Atom manipulation (see also 82.37.Gk STM and
AFM
manipulation of a single molecule in physical chemistry
and chemical physics)
81.20.-n Methods of materials synthesis and materials
processing (for ion implantation and doping, see 61.72)
... ... ... Crystal growth, see 81.10
... ... ... Film deposition, film growth and epitaxy,
see 81.15
81.20.Ev Powder processing: powder metallurgy, compaction,
sintering, mechanical alloying, and granulation
81.20.Fw Sol–gel processing, precipitation
81.20.Hy Forming; molding, extrusion etc.
81.20.Ka Chemical synthesis; combustion synthesis
... ... ... Chemical vapor deposition, see 81.15.Gh
81.20.Rg Aerosols in materials synthesis and processing
81.20.Vj Joining; welding
81.20.Wk Machining, milling
81.20.Ym Purification
81.30.-t Phase diagrams and microstructures developed
by solidification and solid–solid phase transformations (see also
64.70.Kb Solid–solid transitions)
81.30.Bx Phase diagrams of metals and alloys
81.30.Dz Phase diagrams of other materials (for phase
diagrams of superconductors, see 74.25.Dw)
81.30.Fb Solidification
81.30.Hd Constant-composition solid–solid phase transformations:
polymorphic, massive, and order–disorder
81.30.Kf Martensitic transformations
81.30.Mh Solid-phase precipitation (see also 64.75 Solubility,
segregation, and mixing; phase separation)
81.40.-z Treatment of materials and its effects on microstructure
and properties
81.40.Cd Solid solution hardening, precipitation hardening,
and dispersion hardening; aging
81.40.Ef Cold working, work hardening; annealing, post-deformation
annealing, quenching, tempering recovery, and crystallization
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations
81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep (see also
83.50—in rheology)
81.40.Np Fatigue, corrosion fatigue, embrittlement, cracking,
fracture and failure
81.40.Pq Friction, lubrication, and wear
81.40.Rs Electrical and magnetic properties (related to
treatment conditions)
81.40.Tv Optical and dielectric properties (related to treatment
conditions)
81.40.Vw Pressure treatment (see also 62.50.+p High-pressure
and shock-wave effects in solids and liquids)
81.40.Wx Radiation treatment (particle and electromagnetic)
(see
also 61.80.-x Physical radiation effects, radiation damage)
... ... ...Etching, corrosion, oxidation, and other surface treatments,
see 81.65
81.65.-b Surface treatments (see also 85.40 Microelectronics:
LSI, VLSI, ULSI; integrated circuit fabrication technology)
81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching, patterning (see also
52.77.Bn in physics of plasmas)
81.65.Kn Corrosion protection
81.65.Lp Surface hardening: nitridation, carburization,
carbonitridation
81.65.Mq Oxidation
81.65.Ps Polishing, grinding, surface
finishing
81.65.Rv Passivation
81.65.Tx Gettering
81.70.-q Methods of materials testing and analysis (for
specific chemical analysis methods, see 82.80)
81.70.Bt Mechanical testing, impact tests, static and dynamic
loads
81.70.Cv Nondestructive testing: ultrasonic testing, photoacoustic
testing
81.70.Ex Nondestructive testing: electromagnetic testing,
eddy-current testing
81.70.Fy Nondestructive testing: optical methods
81.70.Ha Testing in microgravity environments
81.70.Jb Chemical composition analysis, chemical depth and
dopant profiling
81.70.Pg Thermal analysis, differential thermal analysis
(DTA), differential thermogravimetric analysis
81.90.+c Other topics in materials science (restricted
to new topics in section 81)
82. Physical chemistry and chemical physics
... ... ...Electronic structure theory, see also 33.15.-p in Atomic
and
molecular physics, 71 in Condensed matter, and 87.15.Aa in
Biological and medical physics
82.20.-w Chemical kinetics and
dynamics
82.20.Bc State selected dynamics
and product distribution
82.20.Db Transition state theory
and statistical theories of rate constants
82.20.Ej Quantum theory of reaction
cross section
82.20.Fd Collision theories; trajectory
models
82.20.Gk Electronically non-adiabatic
reactions
82.20.Hf Product distribution
(for
state selected dynamics
and product distribution, see 82.20.Bc)
82.20.Kh Potential energy surfaces
for chemical reactions (for potential
energy surfaces for collisions, see 34.20.Mq)
82.20.Ln Semiclassical theory of
reactions and/or energy transfer
82.20.Nk Classical theories of reactions
and/or energy transfer
82.20.Pm Rate constants, reaction
cross sections, and activation energies
82.20.Rp State to state energy
transfer (see also 31.70.Hq Time-dependent
phenomena and 34.50.Pi state-to-state scattering
analysis—in atomic and molecular physics)
82.20.Sb Correlation function theory
of rate constants and its applications
82.20.Tr Kinetic isotope effects
including muonium
82.20.Uv Stochastic theories of rate
constants
82.20.Wt Computational modeling;
simulation
82.20.Xr Quantum effects in rate
constants (tunneling, resonances, etc.)
82.20.Yn Solvent effects on reactivity
82.30.-b Specific chemical reactions;
reaction mechanisms
82.30.Cf Atom and radical reactions;
chain reactions; molecule-molecule reactions
82.30.Fi Ion–molecule, ion–ion, and
charge-transfer reactions (see also
34.70 Charge transfer in atomic and molecular collisions)
... ... ... Charge
transfer in enzymes, see 82.39.Jn
82.30.Gg Positronium chemistry
82.30.Hk Chemical exchanges (substitution,
atom transfer, abstraction,
disproportionation, and group exchange)
82.30.Lp Decomposition reactions
(pyrolysis, dissociation, and fragmentation)
82.30.Nr Association, addition, insertion,
cluster formation
82.30.Qt Isomerization and rearrangement
82.30.Rs Hydrogen bonding, hydrophilic
effects
82.30.Vy Homogeneous catalysis in
solution, polymers and zeolites
(for heterogeneous catalysis in zeolites, see 82.75.Qt )
... ... ... Enzyme
kinetics, see 82.39.Fk
... ... ... Protein folding
kinetics, see 87.15.Cc in biological and medical
physics
82.33.-z Reactions in various
media
82.33.De Reactions in supercritical
fluids
82.33.Fg Reactions in clusters (see
also 36.40.Jn in atomic and
molecular physics)
82.33.Hk Reactions on clusters
82.33.Jx Reactions in zeolites
82.33.Ln Reactions in sol gels, aerogels,
porous media
82.33.Nq Reactions in micelles
82.33.Pt Solid state chemistry
... ... ... Biologically
important reactions, see 82.39.Rt
82.33.Tb Atmospheric chemistry (see
also 92.60.Hp and 94.10.Fa
in geophysics)
82.33.Vx Reactions in flames, combustion,
and explosions
82.33.Xj Plasma reactions (including
flowing afterglow and electric discharges)
82.33.Ya Chemistry of MOCVD and other
vapor deposition methods
82.35.-x Polymers: properties;
reactions; polymerization
82.35.Cd Conducting polymers
82.35.Ej Nonlinear optics with polymers
(see
also 42.65.-k in optics)
82.35.Gh Polymers on surfaces; adhesion
(see
also 68.43.-h in surfaces,
interfaces, thin films, and low-dimensional structures)
82.35.Jk Copolymers, phase transitions,
structure
82.35.Lr Physical properties of polymers
82.35.Np Nanoparticles in polymers
82.35.Pq Biopolymers, biopolymerization
(see
also 87.15.Rn in biological and
medical physics
82.35.Rs Polyelectrolytes
... ... ... Protein properties, folding, see 87.15.Cc in biological
and medical physics
... ... ... Enzymes, see 82.39.Fk
... ... ... DNA/RNA, see 82.39.Pj
82.37.-j Single molecule kinetics
82.37.Gk STM and AFM manipulations
of a single molecule
82.37.Np Single molecule reaction
kinetics, dissociation, etc.
82.37.Rs Single molecule manipulation
of proteins and other biological
molecules
82.37.Vb Single molecule photochemistry
82.39.-k Chemical kinetics in
biological systems (see also 87.15.Rn
in biological and medical physics)
82.39.Fk Enzyme kinetics
82.39.Jn Charge (electron, proton)
transfer in biological systems
... ... ... Protein folding, see 87.15.Cc in biological
and medical
physics
82.39.Pj Nucleic acids,
DNA and RNA bases
82.39.Rt Reactions in complex biological
systems
82.39.Wj Ion exchange, dialysis,
osmosis, electro-osmosis, membrane
processes
82.40.-g Chemical kinetics
and reactions: special regimes and
techniques
... ... ... Chemically
reactive flows, see 47.70.Fw
82.40.Bj Oscillations, chaos, and
bifurcations
82.40.Ck Pattern formation in reactions
with diffusion, flow and heat transfer
(see also 47.54.+r Pattern selection; pattern formation and 47.32.Cc
Vortex dynamics)
82.40.Fp Shock-waves initiated reactions,
high-pressure chemistry
(see also 47.40.Nm Shock-wave interactions and shock effects in
fluid dynamics, and 62.50.+p high-pressure and shock-wave
effects in solids and liquids)
82.40.Np Temporal and spatial patterns
in surface reactions
82.40.Qt Complex chemical systems
(for
complex biological systems,
see 82.39.Rt)
... ... ...
Stochastic kinetics, see 82.20.Uv
82.45.-h Electrochemistry and
electrophoresis
82.45.Fk Electrode kinetics
82.45.Jn Surface structure, reactivity
and catalysis
82.45.Mp Thin layers, films, monolayers
82.45.Qr Electrodeposition and electrodissolution
(see
also 81.15.Pq in
methods of deposition of films and coatings in materials science)
82.45.Tv Bioelectrochemistry
82.50.- m Photochemistry
(for single molecule
photochemistry, see 82.37.Vb)
... ... ...
Optical spectroscopy, see 32.30.-r and 33.20.-t in atomic and
molecular physics; 78.30.-j, 78.35.+c, 78.40.-q, and 78.47.+p in
condensed matter physics
82.50.Bc Processes caused by infrared
radiation
82.50.Hp Processes caused by visible
and UV light
82.50.Kx Processes caused by X-rays
or gamma-rays
82.50.Nd Control of photochemical
reactions
82.50.Pt Multiphoton processes
... ... ... Potential energy surfaces for photochemistry
and
spectroscopy, see 31.50.Df
... ... ... Surface crossings, non-adiabatic couplings, see
31.50.Gh
82.53.-k Femtochemistry
82.53.Eb Pump probe studies of photodissociation
82.53.Hn Pump probe experiments with
bound states
82.53.Kp Coherent spectroscopy of
atoms and molecules
82.53.Mj Femtosecond probing of semiconductor
nanostructures
82.53.Ps Femtosecond probing of biological
molecules
82.53.St Femtochemistry of adsorbed
molecules
82.53.Uv Femtosecond probes of molecules
in liquids
82.53.Xa Femtosecond probes of molecules
in solids and of molecular solids
82.56.-b Nuclear magnetic resonance(see
also 33.25.+k in atomic
and molecular physics, and 76.60.-k and 76.70.-r in
condensed matter)
82.56.Dj High resolution NMR
82.56.Fk Multidimensional NMR
82.56.Hg Multinuclear NMR
82.56.Jn Pulse sequences in NMR
82.56.Lz Diffusion
82.56.Na Relaxation
82.56.Pp NMR of biomolecules
82.56.Ub Structure determination
with
NMR
... ... ...
ENDOR(see 76.70.Dx in condensed matter, and 33.40.+f in
atomic and molecular physics)
... ... ...
NMR imaging, see 76.60.Pc in condensed matter
82.60.-s Chemical thermodynamics(see
also 05.70.-a Thermodynamics)
82.60.Cx Enthalpies of combustion,
reaction, and formation
82.60.Fa Heat capacities and
heats of phase transitions
82.60.Hc Chemical equilibria
and equilibrium constants
82.60.Lf Thermodynamics of
solutions
82.60.Nh Thermodynamics of
nucleation (see also 64.60.Qb Nucleation—
in equations of state, phase equilibria and phase transitions)
82.60.Qr Thermodynamics of
nanoparticles
... ... ...
Irreversible thermodynamics, nonequilibrium thermodynamics,
see 05.70.Ln
82.65.+r Surface and
interface chemistry; heterogeneous catalysis
at surfaces (for temporal and spatial patterns in surface
reactions, see 82.40.Np)
... ... ...
Chemisorption/physisorption: adsorbates on surfaces, see 68.43.-h
82.70.-y Disperse systems; complex
fluids (see also 82.33.-z reactions in various media)
82.70.Dd Colloids
82.70.Gg Gels and sols
82.70.Kj Emulsions and suspensions
82.70.Rr Aerosols and foams
82.70.Uv Surfactants, micellar
solutions, vesicles, lamellae,
amphiphilic systems, (hydrophilic and hydrophobic
interactions) (see also 82.30.Rs in specific
chemical reactions)
... ... ... Nanostructures,
see 81.07.-b in materials science
... ... ... Preparation
and assembly of nanostructures, see 81.16.-c
methods of nanofabrication
... ... ... Phase
transitions of nanostructures, see 64.70.Nd in phase
transitions
... ... ... Spectroscopy
of nanostructures, see 71.24.+q and 78.67.-n in
electronic structure and optical properties of condensed matter,
respectively
82.75.-z Molecular sieves, zeolites,
clathrates, and other complex solids
82.75.Fq Synthesis, structure determination,
structure modeling
82.75.Jn Measurements and modeling
of molecule migration in zeolites
82.75.Mj Measurements and simulation
of properties (optical, structural) of
molecules in zeolites
82.75.Qt Mechanism and kinetics of
catalysis in zeolites (measurements or
simulations)
82.75.Vx Clusters in zeolites
82.80.-d Chemical analysis
and related physical methods of analysis
(for related instrumentation, see 07; for chemical analysis
techniques in biophysics, see 87.64.-t)
82.80.Bg Chromatography
82.80.Dx Analytical methods involving
electronic spectroscopy
82.80.Ej X-ray, Mössbauer, and
other gamma-ray spectroscopic analysis methods
82.80.Fk Electrochemical methods
82.80.Gk Analytical methods involving
vibrational spectroscopy
82.80.Ha Analytical methods involving
rotational spectroscopy
82.80.Jp Activation analysis and
other radiochemical methods
82.80.Kq Energy-conversion spectro-analytical
methods (e.g., photoacoustic,
photothermal, and optogalvanic spectroscopic methods)
82.80.Ms Mass spectrometry (including
SIMS, multiphoton ionization and
resonance ionization mass spectrometry, MALDI)
82.80.Nj Fourier transform mass spectrometry
82.80.Pv Electron spectroscopy (x-ray
photoelectron (XPS), Auger electron
spectroscopy (AES), etc.)
82.80.Qx Ion cyclotron resonance
mass spectrometry
82.80.Rt Time of flight mass spectrometry
82.80.Yc Rutherford backscattering
(RBS), and other methods of
chemical analysis
82.90.+j Other topics in physical
chemistry and chemical physics (restricted to new topics in section 82)
83 Rheology (see also 47 Fluid dynamics)
83.10.- y Fundamentals
and theoretical
83.10.Bb Kinematics of deformation and
flow
... ... ... Fluid
dynamics (non-Newtonian fluids), see 47.50.+d
83.10.Ff Continuum mechanics (see also
section 46 Continuum
mechanics of solids)
83.10.Gr Constitutive relations
83.10.Kn Reptation and tube theories
83.10.Mj Molecular dynamics, Brownian dynamics
83.10.Pp Particle dynamics
83.10.Rs Computer simulation of molecular
and particle dynamics
83.10.Tv Structural and phase changes
83.50.- v Deformation and flow
83.50.Ax Steady shear flows, viscometric
flow
83.50.Ha Flow in channels
83.50.Jf Extensional flow and combined
shear and extension
83.50.Lh Slip boundary effects
(interfacial and free surface flows) (see also 47.45.Gx
in fluid dynamics)
83.50.Rp Wall slip and apparent slip
83.50.Uv Material processing (extension,
molding, etc)
83.50.Xa Mixing and blending
83.60.-a Material behavior
83.60.Bc Linear viscoelasticity
83.60.Df Nonlinear viscoelasticity
83.60.Fg Shear rate dependent viscosity
83.60.Hc Normal stress differences and
their effects (e.g. rod climbing)
83.60.Jk Extrudate swell
83.60.La Viscoplasticity; yield stress
83.60.Np Effects of electric and magnetic
fields
83.60.Pq Time-dependent structure (thixotropy,
rheopexy)
83.60.Rs Shear rate-dependent
structure (shear thinning and
shear thickening)
83.60.St Non-isothermal rheology
83.60.Uv Wave propagation, fracture, and
crack healing
83.60.Wc Flow instabilities
83.60.Yz Drag reduction
83.80.-k Material type (see also
82.70.-y and 82.35.-x in physical
chemistry and chemical physics)
83.80.Ab Solids: e.g., composites, glasses,
semicrystalline polymers
83.80.Fg Granular solids
83.80.Gv Electro- and magnetorheological
fluids
83.80.Hj Suspensions, dispersions, pastes,
slurries, colloids
83.80.Iz Emulsions and foams
83.80.Jx Reacting systems: thermosetting
polymers, chemorheology, rheokinetics
83.80.Kn Physical gels and microgels
83.80.Lz Physiological materials
(e.g. blood, collagen, etc.)
83.80.Mc Other natural materials (e.g.
wood and other vegetable materials)
83.80.Nb Geological materials: Earth, magma,
ice, rocks, etc.
83.80.Qr Surfactant and micellar systems,
associated polymers
83.80.Rs Polymer solutions
83.80.Sg Polymer melts
83.80.Tc Polymer blends
83.80.Uv Block copolymers
83.80.Va Elastomeric polymers
83.80.Wx Filled elastomers
83.80.Xz Liquid crystals: nematic, cholesteric,
smectic, discotic, etc
83.80.Ya Processed food
83.85.-c Techniques and apparatus
83.85.Cg Rheological measurements –
rheometry
83.85.Ei Optical methods; rheo-optics
83.85.Fg NMR/magnetic resonance imaging
(see
also 76.60.Pc NMR
imaging in condensed matter)
83.85.Hf X-ray and neutron
scattering
83.85.Jn Viscosity measurements
83.85.Lq Normal stress difference measurements
83.85.Ns Data analysis (interconversion
of data
computation of relaxation and retardation spectra;
time-temperature superposition, etc.)
83.85.Pt Computational fluid dynamics
(see
also 02.70—in mathematical
methods in physics)
83.85.Rx Extensional flow measurement
83.85.St Stress relaxation
83.85.Tz Creep and/or creep recoil
83.85.Vb Small amplitude oscillatory shear
(dynamic mechanical
analysis)
83.90.+s Other topics in rheology (restricted
to new topics in
section 83)
84. Electronics; radiowave and microwave technology;
direct energy conversion and storage
84.30.-r Electronic circuits (for integrated circuits,
see 85.40, for microwave circuits, see 84.40.Dc)
84.30.Bv Circuit theory (including computer-aided circuit
design and analysis)
84.30.Jc Power electronics; power supply circuits (see
also 84.70 High-current and high-voltage technology)
84.30.Le Amplifiers
84.30.Ng Oscillators, pulse generators, and function generators
84.30.Qi Modulators and demodulators; discriminators, comparators,
mixers, limiters, and compressors
84.30.Sk Pulse and digital circuits
84.30.Vn Filters
84.32.-y Passive circuit components (see also
07.50 Electrical and electronic components, instruments, and techniques)
84.32.Dd Connectors, relays, and switches
84.32.Ff Conductors, resistors (including thermistors, varistors,
and photoresistors)
84.32.Hh Inductors and coils; wiring
84.32.Tt Capacitors
84.32.Vv Fuses
84.35.+i Neural networks (for optical neural networks,
see 42.79.Ta, see also 07.05.Mh Neural networks, fuzzy logic, artificial
intelligence in computers in experimental physics; see also 87.18.Sn in
multicellular phenomena)
84.37.+q Electric variable measurements (including voltage,
current, resistance, capacitance, inductance, impedance, and admittance,
etc.)
84.40.-x Radiowave and microwave (including millimeter
wave) technology
... ... ... Microwave, submillimeter wave,
and radiowave receivers
and detectors, see 07.57.Kp
... ... ... Microwave and radiowave spectrometers,
see 07.57.Pt
... ... ... Electromagnetic wave propagation,
see 41.20.Jb
84.40.Az Waveguides, transmission lines, striplines
84.40.Ba Antennas: theory, components and accessories (for
plasma interactions with antennas, see 52.40.Fd in Plasma physics)
84.40.Dc Microwave circuits
84.40.Fe Microwave tubes (e.g., klystrons, magnetrons, traveling-wave,
backward-wave tubes, etc.)
84.40.Ik Masers; gyrotrons (cyclotron-resonance masers)
84.40.Lj Microwave integrated electronics
84.40.Ua Telecommunications: signal transmission and processing;
communication satellites (for optical communications, see 42.79.Sz)
84.40.Xb Telemetry: remote control, remote sensing; radar
84.47.+w Vacuum tubes (see also 85.45 Vacuum microelectronics)
... ... ... Phototubes, see 85.60.Ha
... ... ... Microwave tubes, see 84.40.Fe
84.50.+d Electric motors
84.60.-h Direct energy conversion and storage (see
also 89.30.-g Energy resources)
84.60.Bk Performance characteristics of energy conversion
systems; figure of merit
84.60.Dn Electrochemical conversion and storage: electrochemical
cells and batteries; fuel cells
84.60.Jt Photoelectric conversion: solar cells and arrays
(for
solar collectors and concentrators, see 42.79.Ek)
84.60.Lw Magnetohydrodynamic conversion (for MHD generators,
see 52.75.Fk—in plasma physics)
84.60.Ny Thermionic conversion (for thermionic generators,
see 52.75.Fk—in plasma physics)
84.60.Rb Thermoelectric, electrogasdynamic and other direct
energy conversion
84.60.Ve Energy storage systems, including capacitor banks
84.70.+p High-current and high-voltage technology: power
systems; power transmission lines and cables (including superconducting
cables)
84.90.+a Other topics in electronics, radiowave and microwave
technology, and direct energy conversion and storage (restricted to new
topics in section 84)
85 Electronic and magnetic devices;
microelectronics
...
... ... Vacuum tubes, see 84.47.+w
...
... ... Microwave tubes, see 84.40.Fe
...
... ... Phototubes, see 85.60.Ha
...
... ... Conductors, resistors, and
inductors, see 84.32.Ff, Hh
85.25.-j
Superconducting devices
85.25.Am
Superconducting device characterization, design,
and modeling
85.25.Cp
Josephson devices
85.25.Dq
Superconducting quantum interference devices
(SQUIDs)
85.25.Hv
Superconducting logic elements and memory devices
85.25.Kx
Superconducting wires, fibers, and tapes
85.25.Ly
Superconducting magnets; magnetic levitation devices
(for superconducting cables, see 84.70)
85.25.Na
Superconducting microelectronic circuits
85.25.Oj Superconducting optical, x-ray, and gamma-ray detectors
(SIS, NIS, transition edge)
85.25.Pb
Superconducting infrared, submillimeter and
millimeter wave detectors
...
... ... High power superconducting devices, see
84.70.+p
85.25.Qc
Superconducting surface acoustic wave devices
and other superconducting devices
85.30.-z
Semiconductor devices(for photodiodes,
phototransistors, and photoresistors, see 85.60.Dn;
for laser diodes, see 42.55.Px)
85.30.De
Semiconductor-device characterization, design,
and modeling
85.30.Fg
Bulk semiconductor and conductivity oscillation
devices (including Hall effect devices, space-charge-
limited devices, and Gunn effect devices)
85.30.Hi
Surface barrier, boundary, and point contact devices
85.30.Kk
Junction diodes
85.30.Mn
Junction breakdown and tunneling devices (including
resonance tunneling devices)
85.30.Pq
Bipolar transistors
85.30.Rs
Thyristors
85.30.Tv
Field effect devices
85.35.-p Nanoelectronic devices
85.35.Be Quantum well devices (quantum dots, quantum
wires, etc.)
85.35.Ds Quantum interference devices
85.35.Gv Single electron devices
85.35.Kt Nanotube devices
85.40.-e
Microelectronics: LSI, VLSI, ULSI; integrated
circuit fabrication technology(see also 85.45
Vacuum microelectronics)
...
... ... Microwave integrated electronics, see
84.40.Lj
...
... ... Integrated optics, see 42.82.-m
...
... ... Superconducting microelectronic circuits,
see 85.25.Na
85.40.Bh
Computer-aided design of microcircuits; layout and
modeling
85.40.Hp
Lithography, masks and pattern transfer
...
... ... Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems
(MEMS/NEMS)
and devices, see 85.85.+j
85.40.Ls
Metallization, contacts, interconnects; device isolation
85.40.Qx
Microcircuit quality, noise, performance, and failure
analysis
85.40.Ry
Impurity doping, diffusion and ion implantation
technology
85.40.Sz
Deposition technology (for plasma applications in
deposition technology, see 52.77.Dq)
...
... ... Bipolar integrated circuits, see 85.30.Pq
...
... ... Field effect integrated circuits, see 85.30.Tv
85.40.Xx
Hybrid microelectronics; thick films
85.45.-w
Vacuum microelectronics
...
... ... Microwave vacuum microelectronic devices,
see 84.40
85.45.Bz
Vacuum microelectronic device characterization,
design, and modeling
85.45.Db
Field emitter and arrays, cold electron emitters
85.45.Fd
Field emission displays (FEDs)
...
... ... Capacitors, see 84.32.Tt
85.50.-n
Dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric devices
85.50.Gk
Non-volatile ferroelectric memories
85.60.-q
Optoelectronic devices(see also 42.79 Optical
elements, devices and systems)
85.60.Bt
Optoelectronic device characterization, design, and
modeling
85.60.Dw
Photodiodes; phototransistors; photoresistors
85.60.Gz
Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD
detectors) (for superconducting infrared detectors,
see 85.25.Pb; for superconducting optical, x-ray and gamma-ray detectors,
see 85.25.Oj)
85.60.Ha
Photomultipliers; phototubes and photocathodes
85.60.Jb
Light-emitting devices
85.60.Pg
Display systems (for field emission display, see 85.45.Fd,
for optical display devices, see 42.79.Kr; see also 07.07.Hj
Display and recording equipment, oscilloscopes, TV
cameras, etc.)
85.65.+h
Molecular electronic devices
85.70.-w
Magnetic devices
...
... ... Molecular magnets, see 75.50.Xx
...
... ... Magnets, see 07.55.Db
...
... ... Superconducting magnets and magnetic levitation
devices, see 85.25.Ly
...
... ... Beam bending magnets, see 41.85.Lc
85.70.Ay
Magnetic device characterization, design, and
modeling
85.70.Ec
Magnetostrictive, magnetoacoustic, and magnetostatic
devices (for magnetostrictive transducers, see
43.38.Ct—in
acoustics appendix)
...
... ... Magnetic recording materials, see 75.50.Ss
85.70.Ge
Ferrite and garnet devices
85.70.Kh
Magnetic thin film devices: magnetic heads
(magnetoresistive, inductive, etc.); domain-motion
devices, etc.
85.70.Li
Other magnetic recording and storage devices (including tapes, disks, and
drums)
85.70.Rp
Magnetic levitation, propulsion and control devices (for
superconducting-magnetic levitation devices,
see 85.25.Ly)
85.70.Sq
Magnetooptical devices
85.75.-d Magnetoelectronics: devices
exploiting spin polarized transport or integrated magnetic fields
85.75.Bb Magnetic memory using giant
magnetoresistance
85.75.Dd Magnetic memory using magnetic
tunnel junctions
85.75.Ff Reprogrammable magnetic
logic
85.75.Hh Spin polarized field effect
transistors
85.75.Mm Spin polarized resonant
tunnel junctions
85.75.Nn Hybrid Hall devices
85.75.Ss Magnetic field sensors using
spin polarized transport
85.80.-b
Electrochemical, thermoelectromagnetic, and
other devices (for acoustoelectric devices, see
43.38.-p—in
acoustics appendix)
85.80.Dg
Electrochemical devices
85.80.Fi
Thermoelectric devices
85.80.Jm
Magnetoelectric devices
85.80.Lp
Magnetothermal devices
85.85.+j
Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems
(MEMS/NEMS) and devices
85.90.+h
Other topics in electronic and magnetic devices and
microelectronics (restricted to new topics in section 85)
87. Biological and medical physics
87.10.+e General theory and mathematical aspects
87.14.-g Biomolecules: types
87.14.Cc Lipids
87.14.Ee Proteins
87.14.Gg DNA, RNA
87.15.-v Biomolecules: structure and physical properties
87.15.Aa Theory and modeling; computer simulation
87.15.By Structure and bonding
87.15.Cc Folding and sequence analysis
87.15.He Dynamics and conformational changes
87.15.Kg Molecular interactions; membrane-protein interactions
87.15.La Mechanical properties
87.15.Mi Spectra, photodissociation, and photoionization;
luminescence
87.15.Nn Properties of solutions; aggregation and
crystallization of macromolecules
87.15.Rn Reactions and kinetics; polymerization(see also
82.30.-k Chemical kinetics in biological systems and 82.35.Pq Biopolymers,
biopolymerization in physical chemistry and chemical physics)
87.15.Tt Electrophoresis (see also 82.45.-h Electrochemistry
and electrophoresis)
87.15.Vv Diffusion
87.15.Ya Fluctuations
87.16.-b Subcellular structure and processes
87.16.Ac Theory and modeling; computer simulation
87.16.Dg Membranes, bilayers, and vesicles
87.16.Gj Cell walls
87.16Ka Filaments, microtubules, their networks, and supramolecular
assemblies
87.16.Nn Motor proteins
87.16.Qp Pseudopods, lamellipods, cilia, and flagella
87.16.Sr Chromosomes, histones
87.16.Tb Organelles
87.16.Uv Active transport processes; ion channels
87.16.Xa Signal transduction
87.16.Yc Regulatory chemical networks
87.17.-d Cellular structure and processes
87.17.Aa Theory and modeling; computer simulation
87.17.Ee Growth and division
87.17.Jj Cell locomotion; chemotaxis and related directed
motion
87.17.Nn Electrophysiology of nerve cells
87.18.-h Multicellular phenomena
87.18.Bb Computer simulation
87.18.Ed Aggregation and other collective behavior of motile
cells
87.18.Hf Spatiotemporal pattern formation in cellular populations
87.18.La Morphogenesis
87.18.Pj Chemical waves
87.18.Sn Neural networks
87.19.-j Properties of higher organisms
... ... ... Physiological optics, see 42.66
... ... ... Physiological acoustics, see
43.64
... ... ... Psychological acoustics, see
43.66
... ... ... Speech production, see 43.70
... ... ... Speech perception, see 43.71
... ... ... Speech processing and communication
systems, see 43.72
87.19.Bb Sensory perceptions
87.19.Dd Information processing in vision and hearing
87.19.Ff Muscles
87.19.Hh Cardiac dynamics
87.19.Jj Circadian rhythms
87.19.La Neuroscience
87.19.Nn Electrophysiology
87.19.Pp Biothermics
87.19.Rr Mechanical properties of tissues and organs
87.19.St Movement and locomotion
87.19.Tt Rheology of body fluids
87.19.Uv Haemodynamics, pneumodynamics
87.19.Xx Diseases
87.23.-n Ecology and evolution
87.23.Cc Population dynamics and ecological pattern formation
87.23.Ge Dynamics of social systems
87.23.Kg Dynamics of evolution
87.50.-a Effects of radiation and external fields on
biomolecules, cells and higher organisms
87.50.Gi Ionizing radiations (ultraviolet, x-rays,
gamma-rays, ions, electrons, positrons, neutrons, and mesons, etc.)
87.50.Hj Optical radiation (near ultraviolet, visible, and
infrared)
87.50.Jk Radio frequency and microwave radiation (power
lines)
87.50.Kk Sound and ultrasound
87.50.Mn Magnetic fields
87.50.Rr Electric fields
87.52.-g Radiation monitoring, control, and safety
87.52.Df Low LET: therapeutic and diagnostic x-rays
and electrons
87.52.Ga Low LET: associated neutron shielding and measurement
87.52.Ln High LET
87.52.Px Risk/benefit analysis
87.52.Tr Regulatory issues
87.53.-j Ionizing-radiation therapy physics
87.53.Bn Photon dosimetry: theory and algorithms
87.53.Dq Photon dosimetry: measurements
87.53.Fs Electron and positron dosimetry: theory and algorithms
87.53.Hv Electron and positron dosimetry: measurements
87.53.Jw Brachytherapy
87.53.Kn Conformal radiation treatment
87.53.Ly Stereotactic radiosurgery
87.53.Mr Beam intensity modification: wedges, compensators
87.53.Na Radioimmunotherapy
87.53.Oq Portal imaging in therapy
87.53.Pb Proton, neutron, and heavier particle dosimetry:
theory and algorithms
87.53.Qc Proton, neutron, and heavier particle dosimetry:
measurements
87.53.Rd Microdosimetry
87.53.St Record and verify systems and applications
87.53.Tf Treatment planning, optimization, tissue response
factors, and dose- volume analysis
87.53.Uv Collimation
87.53.Vb Simulation
87.53.Wz Monte Carlo applications
87.53.Xd Quality assurance in radiotherapy
87.54.-n Non-ionizing radiation therapy physics
87.54.Br Thermotherapy (hyperthermia and cryogenic therapy)
87.54.Dt Electrotherapy
87.54.Fj Photodynamic therapy
87.56.-v Radiation therapy equipment
87.56.By Radiation generators
87.56.Da Ancillary equipment
87.56.Fc Quality assurance equipment
87.57.-s Medical imaging: general
87.57.Ce Image quality: contrast, resolution, noise,
etc.
87.57.Gg Image reconstruction and registration
87.57.Nk Image analysis
87.58.-b Nuclear medicine imaging, dosimetry, labeling,
metabolic studies
87.58.Ce Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
87.58.Fg Positron emission tomography (PET)
87.58.Ji Radiopharmaceuticals
87.58.Mj Digital imaging
87.58.Pm Scintillation cameras
87.58.Sp Dosimetry
87.58.Vr Quantitative measurements and scanning
87.58.Xs Bone densitometry
87.59.-e X-ray imaging
87.59.Bh X-ray radiography
87.59.Ci Fluoroscopy
87.59.Dj Angiography
87.59.Ek Mammography
87.59.Fm Computed tomography (CT)
87.59.Hp Digital radiography
87.59.Jq Transmission imaging
87.59.Ls Bone densitometry
87.61.-c Magnetic resonance imaging
87.61.Cd Pulse sequences for imaging
87.61.Ff Instrumentation
87.61.Lh Angiography and macroscopic flow estimation
87.61.Pk Clinical imaging studies
87.62.+n Medical imaging equipment
87.63.-d Non-ionizing radiation equipment and techniques
87.63.Df Ultrasonography
87.63.Hg Thermography
87.63.Lk Visible radiation: diaphanography, transillumination,
laser imaging
87.63.Pn Electrical impedance tomography (EIT)
87.64.-t Spectroscopic and microscopic techniques in
biophysics and medical physics (for spectrometers, see 07 Instruments,
apparatus, and components common to several branches of physics and astronomy)
87.64.Aa Computer simulation
87.64.Bx Electron, neutron and x-ray diffraction and scattering
87.64.Cc Scattering of visible, uv, and infrared radiation
87.64.Dz Scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy
87.64.Ee Electron microscopy
87.64.Fb EXAFS spectroscopy
87.64.Hd EPR and NMR spectroscopy
87.64.Je Infrared and Raman spectroscopy
87.64.Lg Electron and photoelectron spectroscopy
87.64.Ni Optical absorption, magnetic circular dichroism,
and fluorescence spectroscopy
87.64.Pj Mössbauer spectroscopy
87.64.Rr Light microscopy: bright-field, dark- field,
phase contrast, DIC
87.64.Tt Confocal microscopy
87.64.Vv Multiphoton microscopy
87.64.Xx Near-field scanning optical microscopy
87.65.+y Aerospace bio- and medical physics (effects
of accelerations, weightlessness, and space environment)
87.66.-a Radiation measurement
87.66.Cd Films: silver bromide based, radiochromic, etc.
87.66.Ff Chemical dosimetry
87.66.Jj Ionization dosimetry
87.66.Na Calorimetric dosimetry
87.66.Pm Solid state detectors
87.66.Sq Thermoluminescence, bioluminescence, etc.
87.66.Uv Magnetic resonance
87.66.Xa Phantoms
87.68.+z Biomaterials and biological interfaces
87.80.-y Biological techniques and instrumentation; biomedical
engineering
87.80.Cc Optical trapping
87.80.Fe Micromanipulators
87.80.Jg Patch clamping
87.80.Mj Micromachining
87.80.Pa Morphometry and stereology
87.80.Rb Tissue and cellular engineering and biotechnology
87.80.Tq Biological signal processing and instrumentation
87.80.Vt Dynamical, regulatory, and integrative biology
87.80.Xa Neural engineering
87.90.+y Other topics in biological and medical physics
(restricted to new topics in section 87)
89. Other areas of applied and interdisciplinary physics
89.20.-a Interdisciplinary applications
of physics
89.20.Bb Industrial and technological research
and development
89.20.Dd Military technology and weapons
systems; arms control
89.20.Ff Computer science and technology
89.20.Hh World Wide Web, Internet
89.20.Kk Engineering
89.30.-g Energy resources (see
also 84.60.-h Direct energy
conversion and storage)
89.30.Aa Fossil fuels
89.30.Cc Solar power
89.30.Ee Hydroelectric, hydrothermal, geothermal
and wind power
89.30.Gg Nuclear fission power (for
fission reactors, see 28.41.-i
and 28.50.-k in nuclear physics)
89.30.Jj Nuclear fusion power (for
fusion reactors, see 28.52.-s
in nuclear physics)
89.40.+k Transportation
89.60.-k Environmental studies (for
ecology, see 87.23.-n in
biological and medical physics)
89.60.Ec Environmental safety
89.60.Fe Environmental regulations
89.60.Gg Impact of natural and man-made
disasters
89.65.-s Social systems
89.65.Cd Demographic studies
89.65.Ef Social organizations; anthropology
89.65.Gh Economics, business, and financial
markets
89.65.Lm Urban planning and construction
89.70.+c Information science
89.75.-k Complex systems
89.75.Da Systems obeying scaling laws
89.75.Fb Structures and organization in
complex systems
89.75.Hc Networks and genealogical trees
89.75.Kd Patterns
89.90.+n Other topics
in areas of applied and interdisciplinary physics
(restricted to new topics in section 89)
