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Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme
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APPENDIX TO 43:ACOUSTICS
The detailed headings of this Appendix correspond to the scheme used by the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

43.05.-k Acoustical Society of America
43.05.Bp Constitution and bylaws of Acoustical Society of America
43.05.Dr History of Acoustical Society of America
43.05.Ft Honorary members of Acoustical Society of America
43.05.Gv Publications, ARLO, Echoes, ASA Web page, electronic archives and references (of Acoustical Society of America)
43.05.Hw Meetings of Acoustical Society of America
43.05.Ky Members and membership lists, personal notes, fellows of Acoustical Society of America
43.05.Ma Administrative committee activities of Acoustical Society of America
43.05.Nb Technical committee activities; Technical Council of Acoustical Society of America
43.05.Pc Prizes, medals, and other awards of Acoustical Society of America
43.05.Re Regional chapters of Acoustical Society of America
43.05.Sf Obituaries of Acoustical Society of America
43.10.-a General acoustics
43.10.Ce Conferences, lectures, and announcements on acoustics (not of the Acoustical Society of America)
43.10.Df Other acoustical societies and their publications, online journals
43.10.Eg Biographical, historical, and personal notes on acoustics (not of the Acoustical Society of America)
43.10.Gi Editorials on acoustics
43.10.Hj Books and book reviews on acoustics
43.10.Jk Bibliographies on acoustics
43.10.Km Patents on acoustics
43.10.Ln Surveys and tutorial papers relating to acoustics research
43.10.Mq Tutorial papers of historical and philosophical nature (in acoustics)
43.10.Nq Nonacoustical theories
43.10.Pr Nonacoustical devices
43.10.Qs Notes relating to acoustics as a profession
43.10.Sv Education in acoustics, tutorial papers of interest to acoustics educators
43.10.Vx Errata in acoustics
43.15.+s Standards in acoustics
43.20.-f General linear acoustics
43.20.Bi Mathematical theory of wave propagation (linear acoustics)
43.20.Dk Ray acoustics
43.20.El Reflection, refraction, diffraction of linear acoustic waves
43.20.Fn Scattering of linear acoustic waves
43.20.Gp Reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, and scattering of elastic and poroelastic waves (linear acoustics)
43.20.Hq Velocity and attenuation of linear acoustic waves
43.20.Jr Velocity and attenuation of elastic and poroelastic waves (linear acoustics)
43.20.Ks Standing waves, resonance, normal modes (linear acoustics)
43.20.Mv Waveguides, wave propagation in tubes and ducts (linear acoustics)
43.20.Px Transient radiation and scattering (linear acoustics)
43.20.Rz Steady-state radiation from sources, impedance, radiation patterns (linear acoustics)
43.20.Tb Interaction of vibrating structures with surrounding medium (linear acoustics)
43.20.Wd Analogies (linear acoustics)
43.20.Ye Measurement methods and instrumentation for linear acoustics
43.25.-x Nonlinear acoustics
43.25.Ba Parameters of nonlinearity of the medium (nonlinear acoustics)
43.25.Cb Macrosonic propagation, finite amplitude sound; shock waves
43.25.Dc Nonlinear acoustics of solids
43.25.Ed Effect of nonlinearity on acoustic wave velocity and attenuation
43.25.Fe Effect of nonlinearity on acoustic surface waves
43.25.Gf Standing waves; resonance (nonlinear acoustics)
43.25.Hg Interaction of intense sound waves with noise
43.25.Jh Reflection, refraction, interference, scattering, and diffraction of intense sound waves (nonlinear acoustics)
43.25.Lj Parametric arrays, interaction of sound with sound, virtual sources
43.25.Nm Acoustic streaming
43.25.Qp Radiation pressure (nonlinear acoustics)
43.25.Rq Solitons, chaos (nonlinear acoustics)
43.25.Ts Nonlinear acoustical and dynamical systems
43.25.Uv Acoustic levitation
43.25.Vt Intense sound sources (nonlinear acoustics)
43.25.Yw Acoustic cavitation, vibration of gas bubbles in liquids
43.25.Zx Measurement methods and instrumentation for nonlinear acoustics
43.28.-g Aeroacoustics and atmospheric sound
43.28.Bj Mechanisms affecting sound propagation in air, sound speed in the air, acoustic-gravity waves
43.28.Dm Infrasound
43.28.En Interaction of sound with ground surfaces, ground cover and topography, and acoustic impedance of outdoor surfaces
43.28.Fp Outdoor sound propagation through a stationary atmosphere, meteorological factors
43.28.Gq Outdoor sound propagation and scattering in a turbulent atmosphere, and in non-uniform flowfields
43.28.Hr Outdoor sound sources
43.28.Js Numerical models for outdoor sound propagation
43.28.Kt Aerothermoacoustics and combustion acoustics
43.28.Lv Statistical characteristics of sound fields and propagation parameters
43.28.Mw Shock and blast waves, sonic boom
43.28.Py Interaction of fluid motion and sound, Doppler effect and sound in flow ducts
43.28.Ra Generation of sound by fluid flow, aerodynamic sound, turbulence
43.28.Tc Sound-in-air measurements, methods and instrumentation for location, navigation, altimetry, and sound ranging
43.28.Vd Measurement methods and instrumentation to determine or evaluate atmospheric parameters, winds, turbulence, temperatures, and pollutants in air
43.28.We Measurement methods and instrumentation for remote sensing using sound and for inverse problems
43.30.-k Underwater sound
43.30.Bp Normal mode propagation of sound in water
43.30.Cq Ray propagation of sound in water
43.30.Dr Hybrid and asymptotic underwater sound propagation theories, related experiments
43.30.Es Sound velocity, attenuation, refraction, and diffraction in water, Doppler effect
43.30.Ft Volume scattering (underwater sound)
43.30.Gv Sound backscattering, echoes, and reverberation in water due to combinations of boundaries
43.30.Hw Rough interface scattering (underwater sound)
43.30.Jx Radiation from objects vibrating under water, acoustic and mechanical impedance
43.30.Ky Structures and materials for absorbing sound in water; propagation in fluid-filled permeable material
43.30.Lz Underwater applications of nonlinear acoustics; explosions
43.30.Ma Acoustics of sediments; ice covers, viscoelastic media; seismic underwater acoustics
43.30.Nb Noise in water; generation mechanisms and characteristics of the field
43.30.Pc Ocean parameter estimation by acoustical methods including remote sensing; imaging, inversion, acoustic tomography
43.30.Qd Global scale underwater acoustics; ocean basin thermometry, transbasin acoustics
43.30.Re Signal coherence or fluctuation due to sound propagation/scattering in the ocean
43.30.Sf Acoustical detection of marine life; passive and active
43.30.Tg Navigational instruments using underwater sound
43.30.Vh Active sonar systems (underwater sound)
43.30.Wi Passive sonar systems and algorithms, matched field processing in underwater acoustics
43.30.Xm Underwater measurement and calibration instrumentation and procedures
43.30.Yj Transducers and transducer arrays for underwater sound including transducer calibration
43.30.Zk Experimental modeling (underwater sound)
43.35.-c Ultrasonics, quantum acoustics, and physical effects of sound
43.35.Ae Ultrasonic velocity, dispersion, scattering, diffraction, and attenuation in gases
43.35.Bf Ultrasonic velocity, dispersion, scattering, diffraction, and attenuation in liquids, liquid crystals, suspensions, and emulsions
43.35.Cg Ultrasonic velocity, dispersion, scattering, diffraction, and attenuation in solids; elastic constants
43.35.Dh Pretersonics (sound of frequency above 1010Hz); Brillouin scattering
43.35.Ei Acoustic cavitation in liquids
43.35.Fj Ultrasonic relaxation processes in gases, liquids, and solids
43.35.Gk Phonons in crystal lattices, quantum acoustics
43.35.Hl Sonoluminescence (in acoustics)
43.35.Kp Plasma acoustics
43.35.Lq Low-temperature acoustics, sound in liquid helium
43.35.Mr Acoustics of viscoelastic materials
43.35.Ns Acoustical properties of thin films
43.35.Pt Surface acoustic waves in solids and liquids
43.35.Rw Magnetoacoustic effect; oscillations and resonance
43.35.Sx Acoustooptical effects, optoacoustics, acoustical visualization, acoustical microscopy, and acoustical holography
43.35.Ty Other physical effects of sound excluding magnetoacoustic effect, acoustooptical effects
43.35.Ud Thermoacoustics, high temperature acoustics, photoacoustic effect
43.35.Vz Chemical effects of ultrasound
43.35.Wa Biological effects of ultrasound, ultrasonic tomography
43.35.Xd Nuclear acoustical resonance, acoustical magnetic resonance
43.35.Yb Ultrasonic instrumentation and measurement techniques
43.35.Zc Use of ultrasonics in nondestructive testing, industrial processes, and industrial products
43.38.-p Transduction; acoustical devices for the generation and reproduction of sound
43.38.Ar Transducing principles, materials, and structures: general (acoustics)
43.38.Bs Electrostatic transducers (acoustics)
43.38.Ct Magnetostrictive transducers (acoustics)
43.38.Dv Electromagnetic and electrodynamic transducers (acoustics)
43.38.Ew Feedback transducers (acoustics)
43.38.Fx Piezoelectric and ferroelectric transducers (acoustics)
43.38.Gy Semiconductor transducers (acoustics)
43.38.Hz Transducer arrays, acoustic interaction effects in arrays
43.38.Ja Loudspeakers and horns, practical sound sources
43.38.Kb Microphones and their calibration
43.38.Lc Amplifiers, attenuators, and audio controls
43.38.Md Sound recording and reproducing systems, general concepts
43.38.Ne Mechanical, optical, and photographic sound recording and reproducing systems
43.38.Pf Hydroacoustic and hydraulic transducers
43.38.Qg Magnetic and electrostatic sound recording and reproducing systems
43.38.Rh Surface acoustic wave transducers
43.38.Si Telephones, earphones, sound power telephones, and intercommunication systems
43.38.Tj Public address systems, sound-reinforcement systems
43.38.Vk Stereophonic reproduction
43.38.Wl Broadcasting (radio and television)
43.38.Yn Impulse transducers (acoustics)
43.38.Zp Acoustooptic and photoacoustic transducers
43.40.-r Structural acoustics and vibration
43.40.At Experimental and theoretical studies of vibrating systems
43.40.Cw Vibrations of strings, rods, and beams
43.40.Dx Vibrations of membranes and plates
43.40.Ey Vibrations of shells
43.40.Fz Acoustic scattering by elastic structures
43.40.Ga Nonlinear vibration
43.40.Hb Random vibration
43.40.Jc Shock and shock reduction and absorption; velocity of shock waves
43.40.Kd Impact and impact reduction, mechanical transients
43.40.Le Techniques for nondestructive evaluation and monitoring, acoustic emission
43.40.Ng Effects of vibration and shock on biological systems, including man
43.40.Ph Seismology and geophysical prospecting; seismographs (structural acoustics)
43.40.Qi Effect of sound on structures, fatigue; spatial statistics of structural vibration
43.40.Rj Radiation from vibrating structures into fluid media
43.40.Sk Mechanical filters (structural acoustics and vibration)
43.40.Tm Vibration isolators, attenuators, and dampers
43.40.Vn Active vibration control
43.40.Yq Instrumentation and techniques for tests and measurement relating to shock and vibration including vibration pickups, indicators, and generators, mechanical impedance
43.50.-x Acoustic noise: its effects and control
43.50.Ba Acoustic noisiness: rating methods and criteria
43.50.Cb Noise spectra, determination of sound power
43.50.Ed Acoustic noise generation
43.50.Fe Acoustic noise masking systems
43.50.Gf Acoustic noise control at source including redesign, application of absorptive materials and reactive elements, mufflers, noise silencers, noise barriers, and attenuators, etc
43.50.Hg Acoustic noise control at the ear
43.50.Jh Acoustic noise in buildings and general machinery noise
43.50.Ki Active acoustic noise control
43.50.Lj Transportation noise sources: air, road, rail, and marine vehicles
43.50.Nm Aerodynamic and jet noise
43.50.Pn Impulse noise and acoustic noise due to impact
43.50.Qp Effects of acoustic noise on man and society
43.50.Rq Environmental noise, measurement, analysis, statistical characteristics
43.50.Sr Community noise, noise zoning, by-laws, and legislation
43.50.Vt Topographical and meteorological factors in acoustic noise propagation
43.50.Yw Instrumentation and techniques for acoustic noise measurement and analysis
43.55.-n Architectural acoustics
43.55.Br Room acoustics including theory and experiment; reverberation, normal modes, diffusion, transient and steady-state response
43.55.Cs Stationary response of rooms to noise including spatial statistics of room response; random testing
43.55.Dt Sound absorption in enclosures including theory and measurement; use of absorption in offices, commercial and domestic spaces
43.55.Ev Sound absorption properties of materials including theory and measurement of sound absorption coefficients; acoustic impedance and admittance
43.55.Fw Auditorium and enclosure acoustic design
43.55.Gx Acoustic studies of existing auditoria and enclosures
43.55.Hy Subjective effects in room acoustics, speech in rooms
43.55.Jz Sound-reinforcement systems for rooms and enclosures
43.55.Ka Computer simulation of acoustics in enclosures including modeling
43.55.Lb Electrical simulation of reverberation
43.55.Mc Room acoustics measuring instruments, computer measurement of room properties
43.55.Nd Reverberation room design including theory, applications to measurements of sound absorption, transmission loss, sound power
43.55.Pe Anechoic chamber design, wedges
43.55.Rg Sound transmission through walls and through ducts: theory and measurement
43.55.Ti Sound-isolating structures, values of transmission coefficients
43.55.Vj Vibration-isolating supports in building acoustics
43.55.Wk Damping of panels (architectural acoustics)
43.58.-e Acoustical measurements and instrumentation
43.58.Bh Acoustic impedance measurement
43.58.Dj Sound velocity measurement
43.58.Fm Sound level meters, level recorders, sound pressure, particle velocity, and sound intensity measurements, meters, and controllers
43.58.Gn Acoustic impulse analyzers and measurements
43.58.Hp Tuning forks, frequency standards; frequency measuring and recording instruments; time standards and chronographs
43.58.Jq Wave and tone synthesizers for acoustics
43.58.Kr Spectrum and frequency analyzers and filters; acoustical and electrical oscillographs; photoacoustic spectrometers; acoustical delay lines and resonators
43.58.Ls Acoustical lenses and microscopes
43.58.Mt Phase meters (acoustics)
43.58.Pw Rayleigh disks (acoustics)
43.58.Ry Acoustic distortion; measurement of distortion including frequency, nonlinear, phase, and transient distortion
43.58.Ta Computers and computer programs in acoustics
43.58.Vb Calibration of acoustical devices and systems
43.58.Wc Electrical and mechanical oscillators (acoustics)
43.60.-c Acoustic signal processing
43.60.Ac Theory of acoustic signal processing
43.60.Bf Acoustic signal detection and classification, applications to control systems
43.60.Cg Statistical properties of acoustic signals and noise
43.60.Dh Acoustic signal processing for communications: telephony and telemetry, sound pickup and reproduction, multimedia
43.60.Ek Acoustic signal coding, morphology, and transformation
43.60.Fg Acoustic array systems and processing, beam-forming
43.60.Gk Space-time signal processing, other than matched field processing (acoustics)
43.60.Hj Time-frequency signal processing, wavelets (acoustic signal processing)
43.60.Jn Source localization and parameter estimation (acoustic signal processing)
43.60.Kx Matched field processing (acoustic signal processing)
43.60.Lq Acoustic imaging, displays, pattern recognition, feature extraction (acoustic signal processing)
43.60.Mn Adaptive processing (acoustic signal processing)
43.60.Np Acoustic signal processing techniques for neural nets and learning systems
43.60.Pt Signal processing techniques for acoustic inverse problems
43.60.Qv Acoustic signal processing instrumentation, integrated systems, smart transducers, devices and architectures, displays and interfaces for acoustic systems
43.60.Rw Acoustic remote sensing methods, acoustic tomography
43.60.Sx Acoustic holography (acoustic signal processing)
43.60.Tj Wave front reconstruction, acoustic time-reversal, and phase conjugation (acoustic signal processing)
43.60.Uv Model-based acoustic signal processing
43.60.Vx Acoustic sensing and acquisition
43.60.Wy Non-stationary signal analysis, non-linear systems, and higher order statistics (acoustic signal processing)
43.64.-q Physiological acoustics
43.64.Bt Models and theories of the auditory system
43.64.Dw Anatomy of the cochlea and auditory nerve
43.64.Fy Anatomy of the auditory central nervous system
43.64.Gz Biochemistry and pharmacology of the auditory system
43.64.Ha Acoustical properties of the outer ear; middle-ear mechanics and reflex
43.64.Jb Otoacoustic emission
43.64.Kc Cochlear mechanics
43.64.Ld Physiology of hair cells (ear)
43.64.Me Effects of ear electrical stimulation, cochlear implant
43.64.Nf Cochlear electrophysiology
43.64.Pg Electrophysiology of the auditory nerve
43.64.Qh Electrophysiology of the auditory central nervous system
43.64.Ri Evoked responses to sounds
43.64.Sj Neural responses to speech
43.64.Tk Physiology of sound generation and detection by animals
43.64.Vm Physiology of the somatosensory system
43.64.Wn Effects of noise and trauma on the auditory system
43.64.Yp Instruments and methods (physiological acoustics)
43.66.-x Psychological acoustics
43.66.Ba Models and theories of auditory processes
43.66.Cb Loudness, absolute threshold (psychological acoustics)
43.66.Dc Masking (psychological acoustics)
43.66.Ed Auditory fatigue, temporary threshold shift
43.66.Fe Discrimination of sound: intensity and frequency
43.66.Gf Detection and discrimination of sound by animals
43.66.Hg Pitch (psychological acoustics)
43.66.Jh Timbre (psychological acoustics)
43.66.Ki Subjective tones (psychological acoustics)
43.66.Lj Perceptual effects of sound
43.66.Mk Temporal and sequential aspects of hearing
43.66.Nm Phase effects (psychological acoustics)
43.66.Pn Binaural hearing
43.66.Qp Localization of sound sources (psychological acoustics)
43.66.Rq Dichotic listening
43.66.Sr Deafness, audiometry, aging effects
43.66.Ts Auditory prostheses, hearing aids
43.66.Vt Hearing protection
43.66.Wv Vibration and tactile senses
43.66.Yw Instruments and methods related to hearing and its measurement
43.70.-h Speech production
43.70.Aj Anatomy and physiology of the vocal tract including larynx function, speech aerodynamics, articulatory kinematics, artificial larynx
43.70.Bk Models and theories of speech production
43.70.Dn Disordered speech; speech training
43.70.Ep Development of speech production
43.70.Fq Acoustical correlates of phonetic segments and suprasegmental properties including stress, timing, and intonation
43.70.Gr Voice and talker characteristics
43.70.Jt Instrumentation and methodology for speech production research
43.70.Kv Cross-language analysis of speech
43.71.-k Speech perception
43.71.An Models and theories of speech perception
43.71.Bp Perception of voice and talker characteristics
43.71.Es Vowel and consonant perception; perception of words, sentences, and fluent speech
43.71.Ft Development of speech perception
43.71.Gv Measures of speech perception (intelligibility and quality)
43.71.Hw Cross-language perception of speech
43.71.Ky Speech perception by the hearing impaired
43.71.Lz Speech perception by the aging
43.71.Ma Visual and tactile speech perception
43.71.Pc Peripheral and central mechanisms in speech perception
43.72.-p Speech processing and communication systems
43.72.Ar Speech analysis and analysis techniques; parametric representation of speech
43.72.Bs Neural networks for speech recognition
43.72.Ct Acoustical methods for determining vocal tract shapes
43.72.Dv Speech-noise interaction
43.72.Ew Speech enhancement techniques
43.72.Fx Talker identification and adaptation algorithms
43.72.Gy Narrow, medium, and wideband speech coding
43.72.Ja Speech synthesis and synthesis techniques
43.72.Kb Speech communication systems and speech performance
43.72.Lc Time and frequency alignment procedures for speech
43.72.Ne Automatic speech recognition systems
43.72.Pf Automatic talker recognition systems
43.75.-z Music and musical instruments
43.75.Bc Intonation, vibrato, musical scales, and musical composition
43.75.Cd Music perception and cognition
43.75.De Bowed stringed instruments
43.75.Ef Woodwinds
43.75.Fg Brass wind instruments (lip-vibrated)
43.75.Gh Plucked stringed instruments
43.75.Hi Drums and other membranophonic instruments
43.75.Kk Bells, xylophones, and other instruments having rigid vibrators
43.75.Mn Pianos and other keyboard stringed instruments
43.75.Np Pipe organs
43.75.Pq Reed wind instruments
43.75.Qr Flue wind instruments
43.75.Rs Singing
43.75.St Musical performance analysis and training
43.75.Tv Electrical musical instruments
43.75.Wx Electronic music, computer music
43.75.Yy Instrumentation and techniques for measurements (music and musical instruments)
43.80.-n Bioacoustics
43.80.Cs Acoustical characteristics of biological media including stress, timing, and intonation
43.80.Ev Acoustical measurement methods in biological systems and media
43.80.Gx Mechanisms of action of acoustic energy on biological systems including physical processes, sites of action
43.80.Jz Use of acoustic energy in studies of structure and function of biological systems with or without other forms of acoustic energy
43.80.Ka Sound production by animals including mechanisms, characteristics, populations, biosonar
43.80.Lb Sound reception by animals including anatomy, physiology, auditory capacities, processing
43.80.Nd Effects of noise on animals and associated behavior including protective mechanisms
43.80.Pe Agroacoustics
43.80.Qf Medical diagnosis with acoustics
43.80.Sh Medical use of ultrasonics for tissue modification including permanent and temporary tissue modification
43.80.Vj Acoustical medical instrumentation and measurement techniques