00.00.00 GENERAL
01.00.00 Communication, education, history, and philosophy
01.10.-m Announcements, news, and organizational activities
01.10.Cr Announcements, news, and awards
01.10.Fv Conferences, lectures, and institutes
01.10.Hx Physics organizational activities
01.20.+x Communication forms and techniques (written, oral, electronic, etc.)
01.30.-y Physics literature and publications
01.30.Bb Publications of lectures (advanced institutes, summer schools, etc.)
01.30.Cc Conference proceedings
01.30.Ee Monographs and collections
01.30.Kj Handbooks, dictionaries, tables, and data compilations
01.30.L- Physics laboratory manuals
01.30.la Secondary schools
01.30.lb Undergraduate schools
01.30.M- Textbooks
01.30.mm Textbooks for graduates and researchers
01.30.mp Textbooks for undergraduates
01.30.mr Textbooks for students in grades 9-12
01.30.mt Textbooks for students in grades K-8
01.30.Os Books of general interest to physics teachers
01.30.Rr Surveys and tutorial papers; resource letters
01.30.Tt Bibliographies
01.30.Vv Book reviews
01.30.Xx Publications in electronic media (for the topic of electronic publishing, see 01.20.+x)
01.40.-d Education
01.40.Di Course design and evaluation
01.40.E- Science in school
01.40.eg Elementary school
01.40.ek Secondary school
01.40.Fk Research in physics education
01.40.G- Curricula and evaluation
01.40.gb Teaching methods and strategies
01.40.gf Theory of testing and techniques
01.40.Ha Learning theory and science teaching
01.40.J- Teacher training
01.40.jc Preservice training
01.40.jh Inservice training
01.50.-i Educational aids
01.50.F- Audio and visual aids
01.50.fd Audio devices
01.50.ff Films; electronic video devices
01.50.fh Posters, cartoons, art, etc.
01.50.H- Computers in education
01.50.ht Instructional computer use
01.50.hv Computer software and software reviews
01.50.Kw Techniques of testing
01.50.Lc Laboratory computer use (see also 01.50.Pa)
01.50.My Demonstration experiments and apparatus
01.50.Pa Laboratory experiments and apparatus (see also 01.50.Lc)
01.50.Qb Laboratory course design, organization, and evaluation
01.50.Rt Physics tournaments and contests
01.50.Wg Physics of toys
01.50.Zv Errors in physics classroom materials
01.52.+r National and international laboratory facilities
01.55.+b General physics
01.60.+q Biographies, tributes, personal notes, and obituaries
01.65.+g History of science
01.70.+w Philosophy of science
01.75.+m Science and society (for science and government, see 01.78.+p)
01.78.+p Science and government (funding, politics, etc.)
01.80.+b Physics of games and sports
01.85.+f Careers in physics and science
01.90.+g Other topics of general interest (restricted to new topics in section 01)
02.00.00 Mathematical methods in physics
02.10.-v Logic, set theory, and algebra
02.10.Ab Logic and set theory
02.10.De Algebraic structures and number theory
02.10.Hh Rings and algebras
02.10.Kn Knot theory
02.10.Ox Combinatorics; graph theory
02.10.Ud Linear algebra
02.10.Xm Multilinear algebra
02.10.Yn Matrix theory
02.20.-a Group theory (for algebraic methods in quantum mechanics, see 03.65.Fd; for symmetries in elementary particle physics, see 11.30.-j)
02.20.Bb General structures of groups
02.20.Hj Classical groups
02.20.Qs General properties, structure, and representation of Lie groups
02.20.Rt Discrete subgroups of Lie groups
02.20.Sv Lie algebras of Lie groups
02.20.Tw Infinite-dimensional Lie groups
02.20.Uw Quantum groups
02.30.-f Function theory, analysis
02.30.Cj Measure and integration
02.30.Em Potential theory
02.30.Fn Several complex variables and analytic spaces
02.30.Gp Special functions
02.30.Hq Ordinary differential equations
02.30.Ik Integrable systems
02.30.Jr Partial differential equations
02.30.Ks Delay and functional equations
02.30.Lt Sequences, series, and summability
02.30.Mv Approximations and expansions
02.30.Nw Fourier analysis
02.30.Oz Bifurcation theory (see also 47.20.Ky in fluid dynamics)
02.30.Px Abstract harmonic analysis
02.30.Rz Integral equations
02.30.Sa Functional analysis
02.30.Tb Operator theory
02.30.Uu Integral transforms
02.30.Vv Operational calculus
02.30.Xx Calculus of variations
02.30.Yy Control theory
02.30.Zz Inverse problems
02.40.-k Geometry, differential geometry, and topology (see also section 04 Relativity and gravitation)
02.40.Dr Euclidean and projective geometries
02.40.Ft Convex sets and geometric inequalities
02.40.Gh Noncommutative geometry
02.40.Hw Classical differential geometry
02.40.Ky Riemannian geometries
02.40.Ma Global differential geometry
02.40.Pc General topology
02.40.Re Algebraic topology
02.40.Sf Manifolds and cell complexes
02.40.Tt Complex manifolds
02.40.Vh Global analysis and analysis on manifolds
02.40.Xx Singularity theory (see also 05.45.-a Nonlinear dynamics and chaos)
02.40.Yy Geometric mechanics (see also 45.20.Jj in formalisms in classical mechanics)
02.50.-r Probability theory, stochastic processes, and statistics (see also section 05 Statistical physics, thermodynamics, and nonlinear dynamical systems)
02.50.Cw Probability theory
02.50.Ey Stochastic processes
02.50.Fz Stochastic analysis
02.50.Ga Markov processes
02.50.Le Decision theory and game theory
02.50.Ng Distribution theory and Monte Carlo studies
02.50.Sk Multivariate analysis
02.50.Tt Inference methods
02.60.-x Numerical approximation and analysis
02.60.Cb Numerical simulation; solution of equations
02.60.Dc Numerical linear algebra
02.60.Ed Interpolation; curve fitting
02.60.Gf Algorithms for functional approximation
02.60.Jh Numerical differentiation and integration
02.60.Lj Ordinary and partial differential equations; boundary value problems
02.60.Nm Integral and integrodifferential equations
02.60.Pn Numerical optimization
02.70.-c Computational techniques; simulations (for quantum computation, see 03.67.Lx; for computational techniques extensively used in subdivisions of physics, see the appropriate section; for example, see 47.11.-j Computational methods in fluid dynamics)
02.70.Bf Finite-difference methods
02.70.Dh Finite-element and Galerkin methods
02.70.Hm Spectral methods
02.70.Jn Collocation methods
02.70.Ns Molecular dynamics and particle methods
02.70.Pt Boundary-integral methods
02.70.Rr General statistical methods
02.70.Ss Quantum Monte Carlo methods
02.70.Tt Justifications or modifications of Monte Carlo methods
02.70.Uu Applications of Monte Carlo methods (see also 02.50.Ng in probability theory, stochastic processes, and statistics, and 05.10.Ln in statistical physics)
02.70.Wz Symbolic computation (computer algebra)
02.90.+p Other topics in mathematical methods in physics (restricted to new topics in section 02)
03.00.00 Quantum mechanics, field theories, and special relativity (see also section 11 General theory of fields and particles)
03.30.+p Special relativity
03.50.-z Classical field theories
03.50.De Classical electromagnetism, Maxwell equations (for applied classical electromagnetism, see 41.20.-q)
03.50.Kk Other special classical field theories
03.65.-w Quantum mechanics (see also 03.67.-a Quantum information; 05.30.-d Quantum statistical mechanics)
03.65.Ca Formalism
03.65.Db Functional analytical methods
03.65.Fd Algebraic methods (see also 02.20.-a Group theory)
03.65.Ge Solutions of wave equations: bound states
03.65.Nk Scattering theory
03.65.Pm Relativistic wave equations
03.65.Sq Semiclassical theories and applications
03.65.Ta Foundations of quantum mechanics; measurement theory (for optical tests of quantum theory, see 42.50.Xa)
03.65.Ud Entanglement and quantum nonlocality (e.g. EPR paradox, Bell's inequalities, GHZ states, etc.) (for entanglement production in quantum information, see 03.67.Mn; for entanglement in Bose-Einstein condensates, see 03.75.Gg)
03.65.Vf Phases: geometric; dynamic or topological
03.65.Wj State reconstruction, quantum tomography
03.65.Xp Tunneling, traversal time, quantum Zeno dynamics
03.65.Yz Decoherence; open systems; quantum statistical methods (see also 03.67.Pp in quantum information; for decoherence in Bose-Einstein condensates, see 03.75.Gg)
03.67.-a Quantum information
03.67.Dd Quantum cryptography
03.67.Hk Quantum communication
03.67.Lx Quantum computation
03.67.Mn Entanglement production, characterization, and manipulation (see also 03.65.Ud Entanglement and quantum nonlocality; for entanglement in Bose-Einstein condensates, see 03.75.Gg)
03.67.Pp Quantum error correction and other methods for protection against decoherence (see also 03.65.Yz Decoherence; open systems; quantum statistical methods; for decoherence in Bose-Einstein condensates, see 03.75.Gg)
03.70.+k Theory of quantized fields (see also 11.10.-z Field theory)
03.75.-b Matter waves (for atom interferometry techniques, see 39.20.+q-in atomic and molecular physics)
03.75.Be Atom and neutron optics
03.75.Dg Atom and neutron interferometry
03.75.Gg Entanglement and decoherence in Bose-Einstein condensates
03.75.Hh Static properties of condensates; thermodynamical, statistical, and structural properties
03.75.Kk Dynamic properties of condensates; collective and hydrodynamic excitations, superfluid flow
03.75.Lm Tunneling, Josephson effect, Bose-Einstein condensates in periodic potentials, solitons, vortices, and topological excitations
03.75.Mn Multicomponent condensates; spinor condensates
03.75.Nt Other Bose-Einstein condensation phenomena
03.75.Pp Atom lasers
03.75.Ss Degenerate Fermi gases
04.00.00 General relativity and gravitation (see also 95.30.Sf in astronomy)
... ... Special relativity, see 03.30.+p
04.20.-q Classical general relativity (see also 02.40.-k Geometry, differential geometry, and topology)
04.20.Cv Fundamental problems and general formalism
04.20.Dw Singularities and cosmic censorship
04.20.Ex Initial value problem, existence and uniqueness of solutions
04.20.Fy Canonical formalism, Lagrangians, and variational principles
04.20.Gz Spacetime topology, causal structure, spinor structure
04.20.Ha Asymptotic structure
04.20.Jb Exact solutions
04.25.-g Approximation methods; equations of motion
04.25.Dm Numerical relativity
04.25.Nx Post-Newtonian approximation; perturbation theory; related approximations
04.30.-w Gravitational waves: theory
04.30.Db Wave generation and sources
04.30.Nk Wave propagation and interactions
04.40.-b Self-gravitating systems; continuous media and classical fields in curved spacetime
04.40.Dg Relativistic stars: structure, stability, and oscillations (see also 97.60.-s Late stages of stellar evolution)
04.40.Nr Einstein-Maxwell spacetimes, spacetimes with fluids, radiation or classical fields
04.50.+h Gravity in more than four dimensions, Kaluza-Klein theory, unified field theories; alternative theories of gravity (see also 11.25.Mj Compactification and four-dimensional models)
04.60.-m Quantum gravity
04.60.Ds Canonical quantization
04.60.Gw Covariant and sum-over-histories quantization
04.60.Kz Lower dimensional models; minisuperspace models
04.60.Nc Lattice and discrete methods
04.60.Pp Loop quantum gravity, quantum geometry, spin foams
04.62.+v Quantum field theory in curved spacetime
04.65.+e Supergravity (see also 12.60.Jv Supersymmetric models)
04.70.-s Physics of black holes (see also 97.60.Lf-in astronomy)
04.70.Bw Classical black holes
04.70.Dy Quantum aspects of black holes, evaporation, thermodynamics
04.80.-y Experimental studies of gravity
04.80.Cc Experimental tests of gravitational theories
04.80.Nn Gravitational wave detectors and experiments (see also 95.55.Ym-in astronomy)
04.90.+e Other topics in general relativity and gravitation (restricted to new topics in section 04)
05.00.00 Statistical physics, thermodynamics, and nonlinear dynamical systems (see also 02.50.-r Probability theory, stochastic processes, and statistics)
05.10.-a Computational methods in statistical physics and nonlinear dynamics (see also 02.70.-c in mathematical methods in physics)
05.10.Cc Renormalization group methods
05.10.Gg Stochastic analysis methods (Fokker-Planck, Langevin, etc.)
05.10.Ln Monte Carlo methods (see also 02.70.Tt, Uu in mathematical methods in physics; for Monte Carlo methods in plasma simulation, see 52.65.Pp)
05.20.-y Classical statistical mechanics
05.20.Dd Kinetic theory (see also 51.10.+y Kinetic and transport theory of gases)
05.20.Gg Classical ensemble theory
05.20.Jj Statistical mechanics of classical fluids (see also 47.10.-g General theory in fluid dynamics)
05.30.-d Quantum statistical mechanics
05.30.Ch Quantum ensemble theory
05.30.Fk Fermion systems and electron gas (see also 71.10.-w Theories and models of many-electron systems)
05.30.Jp Boson systems (for static and dynamic properties of Bose-Einstein condensates, see 03.75.Hh and 03.75.Kk)
05.30.Pr Fractional statistics systems (anyons, etc.)
05.40.-a Fluctuation phenomena, random processes, noise, and Brownian motion (for fluctuations in superconductivity, see 74.40.+k; for statistical theory and fluctuations in nuclear reactions, see 24.60.-k; for fluctuations in plasma, see 52.25.Gj)
05.40.Ca Noise
05.40.Fb Random walks and Levy flights
05.40.Jc Brownian motion
05.45.-a Nonlinear dynamics and chaos (see also section 45 Classical mechanics of discrete systems; for chaos in fluid dynamics, see 47.52.+j)
05.45.Ac Low-dimensional chaos
05.45.Df Fractals (see also 47.53.+n Fractals in fluid dynamics)
05.45.Gg Control of chaos, applications of chaos
05.45.Jn High-dimensional chaos
05.45.Mt Quantum chaos; semiclassical methods
05.45.Pq Numerical simulations of chaotic systems
05.45.Ra Coupled map lattices
05.45.Tp Time series analysis
05.45.Vx Communication using chaos
05.45.Xt Synchronization; coupled oscillators
05.45.Yv Solitons (see 52.35.Sb for solitons in plasma; for solitons in acoustics, see 43.25.Rq-in acoustics appendix; see 42.50.Md, 42.65.Tg, 42.81.Dp for solitons in optics; see also 03.75.Lm in matter waves; for solitons in space plasma physics, see 94.05.Fg; for solitary waves in fluid dynamics, see 47.35.Fg)
05.50.+q Lattice theory and statistics (Ising, Potts, etc.) (see also 64.60.Cn Order-disorder transformations and statistical mechanics of model systems, and 75.10.Hk Classical spin models)
05.60.-k Transport processes
05.60.Cd Classical transport
05.60.Gg Quantum transport
05.65.+b Self-organized systems (see also 45.70.-n in classical mechanics of discrete systems)
05.70.-a Thermodynamics (see also section 64 Equations of state, phase equilibria, and phase transitions, and section 65 Thermal properties of condensed matter; for chemical thermodynamics, see 82.60.-s; for thermodynamics of plasmas, see 52.25.Kn)
... ... Thermodynamics of nanoparticles, see 82.60.Qr
... ... Thermodynamic processes in astrophysics, see 95.30.Tg
... ... Thermodynamics in volcanology, see 91.40.Pc
05.70.Ce Thermodynamic functions and equations of state (see also 51.30.+i Thermodynamic properties, equations of state in physics of gases; for equations of state of specific substances, see 64.30.+t)
05.70.Fh Phase transitions: general studies
05.70.Jk Critical point phenomena
05.70.Ln Nonequilibrium and irreversible thermodynamics (see also 82.40.Bj Oscillations, chaos, and bifurcations in physical chemistry and chemical physics)
05.70.Np Interface and surface thermodynamics (see also 68.35.Md Surface thermodynamics, surface energies in surfaces and interfaces)
05.90.+m Other topics in statistical physics, thermodynamics, and nonlinear dynamical systems (restricted to new topics in section 05)
06.00.00 Metrology, measurements, and laboratory procedures (for laser applications in metrology, see 42.62.Eh)
06.20.-f Metrology
06.20.Dk Measurement and error theory
06.20.F- Units and standards
06.20.fa Units
06.20.fb Standards and calibration
06.20.Jr Determination of fundamental constants
06.30.-k Measurements common to several branches of physics and astronomy
06.30.Bp Spatial dimensions (e.g., position, lengths, volume, angles, and displacements)
06.30.Dr Mass and density
06.30.Ft Time and frequency
06.30.Gv Velocity, acceleration, and rotation
06.30.Ka Basic electromagnetic quantities (see also 84.37.+q Measurements in electric variables)
06.60.-c Laboratory procedures
06.60.Ei Sample preparation (including design of sample holders)
06.60.Jn High-speed techniques (microsecond to femtosecond)
06.60.Mr Testing and inspecting procedures
06.60.Sx Positioning and alignment; manipulating, remote handling
06.60.Vz Workshop procedures (welding, machining, lubrication, bearings, etc.)
06.60.Wa Laboratory safety procedures
... ... National and international laboratory facilities, see 01.52.+r
06.90.+v Other topics in metrology, measurements, and laboratory procedures (restricted to new topics in section 06)
07.00.00 Instruments, apparatus, and components common to several branches of physics and astronomy (see also each subdiscipline for specialized instrumentation and techniques)
07.05.-t Computers in experimental physics
... ... Computers in education, see 01.50.H- and 01.50.Lc
... ... Computational techniques, see 02.70.-c-in mathematical methods in physics
... ... Quantum computation, see 03.67.Lx in quantum mechanics
... ... Optical computers, see 42.79.Ta
07.05.Bx Computer systems: hardware, operating systems, computer languages, and utilities
07.05.Dz Control systems
07.05.Fb Design of experiments
07.05.Hd Data acquisition: hardware and software
07.05.Kf Data analysis: algorithms and implementation; data management
07.05.Mh Neural networks, fuzzy logic, artificial intelligence
07.05.Pj Image processing (see also 42.30.Va in optics; 87.57.-s Medical imaging: general in biological and medical physics)
07.05.Rm Data presentation and visualization: algorithms and implementation
07.05.Tp Computer modeling and simulation
07.05.Wr Computer interfaces
07.07.-a General equipment
07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing
07.07.Hj Display and recording equipment, oscilloscopes, TV cameras, etc.
07.07.Mp Transducers
07.07.Tw Servo and control equipment; robots
07.07.Vx Hygrometers; hygrometry
07.10.-h Mechanical instruments and equipment
07.10.Cm Micromechanical devices and systems (for micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS), see 85.85.+j in electronic and magnetic devices)
07.10.Fq Vibration isolation
07.10.Lw Balance systems, tensile machines, etc.
07.10.Pz Instruments for strain, force, and torque
07.20.-n Thermal instruments and apparatus
07.20.Dt Thermometers
07.20.Fw Calorimeters (for calorimeters as radiation detectors, see 29.40.Vj)
07.20.Hy Furnaces; heaters
07.20.Ka High-temperature instrumentation; pyrometers
07.20.Mc Cryogenics; refrigerators, low-temperature detectors, and other low-temperature equipment
07.20.Pe Heat engines; heat pumps; heat pipes
07.30.-t Vacuum apparatus
07.30.Bx Degasification, residual gas
07.30.Cy Vacuum pumps
07.30.Dz Vacuum gauges
07.30.Hd Vacuum testing methods; leak detectors
07.30.Kf Vacuum chambers, auxiliary apparatus, and materials
07.35.+k High-pressure apparatus; shock tubes; diamond anvil cells
07.50.-e Electrical and electronic instruments and components
07.50.Ek Circuits and circuit components (see also 84.30.-r Electronic circuits and 84.32.-y Passive circuit components)
07.50.Hp Electrical noise and shielding equipment
07.50.Ls Electrometers
07.50.Qx Signal processing electronics (see also 84.40.Ua in radiowave and microwave technology)
07.55.-w Magnetic instruments and components
07.55.Db Generation of magnetic fields; magnets (for superconducting magnets, see 84.71.Ba)
07.55.Ge Magnetometers for magnetic field measurements
07.55.Jg Magnetometers for susceptibility, magnetic moment, and magnetization measurements
07.55.Nk Magnetic shielding in instruments
07.57.-c Infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave instruments and equipment (for infrared and radio telescopes, see 95.55.Cs, 95.55.Fw, and 95.55.Jz in astronomy)
07.57.Hm Infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave sources (see also 42.72.Ai Infrared sources in optics)
07.57.Kp Bolometers; infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave receivers and detectors (see also 85.60.Gz Photodetectors in electronic and magnetic devices, and 95.55.Rg Photoconductors and bolometers in astronomy)
07.57.Pt Submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave spectrometers; magnetic resonance spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques
07.57.Ty Infrared spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques
07.60.-j Optical instruments and equipment
... ... Optical sources, see 42.72.-g
... ... Optical elements, devices, and systems 42.79.-e
... ... Optoelectronic devices 85.60.-q
... ... Optical telescopes, see 95.55.Cs
... ... Photometric, polarimetric, and spectroscopic instrumentation in astronomy, see 95.55.Qf
07.60.Dq Photometers, radiometers, and colorimeters
07.60.Fs Polarimeters and ellipsometers
07.60.Hv Refractometers and reflectometers
07.60.Ly Interferometers
07.60.Pb Conventional optical microscopes (for near-field scanning optical microscopes, see 07.79.Fc; for x-ray microscopes, see 07.85.Tt)
07.60.Rd Visible and ultraviolet spectrometers
07.60.Vg Fiber-optic instruments (see also 42.81.-i Fiber optics)
07.64.+z Acoustic instruments and equipment (see also 43.58.+z-in acoustics)
07.68.+m Photography, photographic instruments; xerography
07.75.+h Mass spectrometers (see also 82.80.Ms, 82.80.Nj, and 82.80.Rt in physical chemistry and chemical physics)
07.77.-n Atomic, molecular, and charged-particle sources and detectors
07.77.Gx Atomic and molecular beam sources and detectors (see also 39.10.+j in atomic and molecular physics)
07.77.Ka Charged-particle beam sources and detectors (see also 29.40.-n in nuclear physics)
07.78.+s Electron, positron, and ion microscopes; electron diffractometers
07.79.-v Scanning probe microscopes and components (see also 68.37.-d in surfaces and interfaces)
07.79.Cz Scanning tunneling microscopes
07.79.Fc Near-field scanning optical microscopes
07.79.Lh Atomic force microscopes
07.79.Pk Magnetic force microscopes
07.79.Sp Friction force microscopes
07.81.+a Electron and ion spectrometers (see also 29.30.-h in nuclear physics)
07.85.-m X- and gamma-ray instruments (for x- and gamma-ray telescopes, see 95.55.Ka in astronomy)
07.85.Fv X- and gamma-ray sources, mirrors, gratings, and detectors
07.85.Jy Diffractometers
07.85.Nc X-ray and gamma-ray spectrometers
07.85.Qe Synchrotron radiation instrumentation
07.85.Tt X-ray microscopes
07.87.+v Spaceborne and space research instruments, apparatus, and components (satellites, space vehicles, etc.) (for instrumentation for space plasma physics, ionosphere, and magnetosphere, see 94.80.+g; see also 95.55.Fw and 95.40.+s in astronomy)
07.88.+y Instruments for environmental pollution measurements
07.89.+b Environmental effects on instruments (e.g., radiation and pollution effects) (for environmental effects on optical elements, devices, and systems, see 42.88.+h)
07.90.+c Other topics in instruments, apparatus, and components common to several branches of physics and astronomy (restricted to new topics in section 07)
10.00.00 THE PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS (for cosmic rays, see 96.50.S- in astronomy; for experimental methods and instrumentation for elementary-particle physics, see section 29)
11.00.00 General theory of fields and particles (see also 03.65.-w Quantum mechanics and 03.70.+k Theory of quantized fields)
11.10.-z Field theory (for gauge field theories, see 11.15.-q)
11.10.Cd Axiomatic approach
11.10.Ef Lagrangian and Hamiltonian approach
11.10.Gh Renormalization
11.10.Hi Renormalization group evolution of parameters
11.10.Jj Asymptotic problems and properties
11.10.Kk Field theories in dimensions other than four (see also 04.50.+h Gravity in more than four dimensions; 04.60.Kz Lower dimensional models in quantum gravity)
11.10.Lm Nonlinear or nonlocal theories and models (see also 11.27.+d Extended classical solutions; cosmic strings, domain walls, texture)
11.10.Nx Noncommutative field theory
11.10.St Bound and unstable states; Bethe-Salpeter equations
11.10.Wx Finite-temperature field theory
... ... Relativistic wave equations, see 03.65.Pm
11.15.-q Gauge field theories
11.15.Bt General properties of perturbation theory
11.15.Ex Spontaneous breaking of gauge symmetries
11.15.Ha Lattice gauge theory (see also 12.38.Gc Lattice QCD calculations)
11.15.Kc Classical and semiclassical techniques
11.15.Me Strong-coupling expansions
11.15.Pg Expansions for large numbers of components (e.g., 1/Nc expansions)
11.15.Tk Other nonperturbative techniques
11.25.-w Strings and branes (for cosmic strings, see 98.80.Cq in cosmology; see also 11.27.+d Extended classical solutions; cosmic strings, domain walls, texture)
11.25.Db Properties of perturbation theory
11.25.Hf Conformal field theory, algebraic structures
11.25.Mj Compactification and four-dimensional models
11.25.Pm Noncritical string theory
11.25.Sq Nonperturbative techniques; string field theory
11.25.Tq Gauge/string duality
11.25.Uv D branes
11.25.Wx String and brane phenomenology
11.25.Yb M theory
11.27.+d Extended classical solutions; cosmic strings, domain walls, texture (see also 98.80.Cq in cosmology; 11.25.-w Strings and branes)
11.30.-j Symmetry and conservation laws (see also 02.20.-a Group theory)
11.30.Cp Lorentz and Poincare invariance
11.30.Er Charge conjugation, parity, time reversal, and other discrete symmetries
11.30.Fs Global symmetries (e.g., baryon number, lepton number)
11.30.Hv Flavor symmetries
11.30.Ly Other internal and higher symmetries
11.30.Na Nonlinear and dynamical symmetries (spectrum-generating symmetries)
11.30.Pb Supersymmetry (see also 12.60.Jv Supersymmetric models)
11.30.Qc Spontaneous and radiative symmetry breaking
11.30.Rd Chiral symmetries
11.40.-q Currents and their properties
11.40.Dw General theory of currents
11.40.Ex Formal properties of current algebras (see also 12.39.Fe Chiral Lagrangians)
11.40.Ha Partially conserved axial-vector currents
11.55.-m S-matrix theory; analytic structure of amplitudes
11.55.Bq Analytic properties of S matrix
11.55.Ds Exact S matrices
11.55.Fv Dispersion relations
11.55.Hx Sum rules
11.55.Jy Regge formalism (see also 12.40.Nn in strong interactions)
11.80.-m Relativistic scattering theory
11.80.Cr Kinematical properties (helicity and invariant amplitudes, kinematic singularities, etc.)
11.80.Et Partial-wave analysis
11.80.Fv Approximations (eikonal approximation, variational principles, etc.)
11.80.Gw Multichannel scattering
11.80.Jy Many-body scattering and Faddeev equation
11.80.La Multiple scattering
11.90.+t Other topics in general theory of fields and particles (restricted to new topics in section 11)
12.00.00 Specific theories and interaction models; particle systematics
12.10.-g Unified field theories and models (see also 04.50.+h-in general relativity and gravitation, 11.25.Mj Compactification and four-dimensional models)
12.10.Dm Unified theories and models of strong and electroweak interactions
12.10.Kt Unification of couplings; mass relations
12.15.-y Electroweak interactions
... ... Extensions of gauge or Higgs sector, see 12.60.Cn or 12.60.Fr
12.15.Ff Quark and lepton masses and mixing (see also 14.60.Pq Neutrino mass and mixing)
12.15.Hh Determination of Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix elements
12.15.Ji Applications of electroweak models to specific processes
12.15.Lk Electroweak radiative corrections (see also 13.40.Ks Electromagnetic corrections to strong- and weak-interaction processes)
12.15.Mm Neutral currents
12.20.-m Quantum electrodynamics
12.20.Ds Specific calculations
12.20.Fv Experimental tests (for optical tests in quantum electrodynamics, see 42.50.Xa)
12.38.-t Quantum chromodynamics
... ... Quarks, gluons, and QCD in nuclei and nuclear processes, see 24.85.+p
12.38.Aw General properties of QCD (dynamics, confinement, etc.)
12.38.Bx Perturbative calculations
12.38.Cy Summation of perturbation theory
12.38.Gc Lattice QCD calculations (see also 11.15.Ha Lattice gauge theory)
12.38.Lg Other nonperturbative calculations
12.38.Mh Quark-gluon plasma (see also 25.75.Nq Quark deconfinement, quark-gluon plasma production and phase transitions in relativistic heavy ion collisions)
12.38.Qk Experimental tests
12.39.-x Phenomenological quark models
12.39.Ba Bag model
12.39.Dc Skyrmions
12.39.Fe Chiral Lagrangians
12.39.Hg Heavy quark effective theory
12.39.Jh Nonrelativistic quark model
12.39.Ki Relativistic quark model
12.39.Mk Glueball and nonstandard multi-quark/gluon states
12.39.Pn Potential models
12.39.St Factorization
12.40.-y Other models for strong interactions
12.40.Ee Statistical models
12.40.Nn Regge theory, duality, absorptive/optical models (see also 11.55.Jy Regge formalism)
12.40.Vv Vector-meson dominance
12.40.Yx Hadron mass models and calculations
12.60.-i Models beyond the standard model
... ... Unified field theories and models, see 12.10.-g
12.60.Cn Extensions of electroweak gauge sector
12.60.Fr Extensions of electroweak Higgs sector
12.60.Jv Supersymmetric models (see also 04.65.+e Supergravity)
12.60.Nz Technicolor models
12.60.Rc Composite models
12.90.+b Miscellaneous theoretical ideas and models (restricted to new topics in section 12)
13.00.00 Specific reactions and phenomenology
13.15.+g Neutrino interactions
13.20.-v Leptonic, semileptonic, and radiative decays of mesons
13.20.Cz Decays of pi mesons
13.20.Eb Decays of K mesons
13.20.Fc Decays of charmed mesons
13.20.Gd Decays of J/psi, Upsilon, and other quarkonia
13.20.He Decays of bottom mesons
13.20.Jf Decays of other mesons
13.25.-k Hadronic decays of mesons
13.25.Cq Decays of pi mesons
13.25.Es Decays of K mesons
13.25.Ft Decays of charmed mesons
13.25.Gv Decays of J/psi, Upsilon, and other quarkonia
13.25.Hw Decays of bottom mesons
13.25.Jx Decays of other mesons
13.30.-a Decays of baryons
13.30.Ce Leptonic, semileptonic, and radiative decays
13.30.Eg Hadronic decays
13.35.-r Decays of leptons
13.35.Bv Decays of muons
13.35.Dx Decays of taus
13.35.Hb Decays of heavy neutrinos
13.38.-b Decays of intermediate bosons
13.38.Be Decays of W bosons
13.38.Dg Decays of Z bosons
13.40.-f Electromagnetic processes and properties
13.40.Dk Electromagnetic mass differences
13.40.Em Electric and magnetic moments
13.40.Gp Electromagnetic form factors
13.40.Hq Electromagnetic decays
13.40.Ks Electromagnetic corrections to strong- and weak-interaction processes
13.60.-r Photon and charged-lepton interactions with hadrons (for neutrino interactions, see 13.15.+g)
13.60.Fz Elastic and Compton scattering
13.60.Hb Total and inclusive cross sections (including deep-inelastic processes)
13.60.Le Meson production
13.60.Rj Baryon production
13.66.-a Lepton-lepton interactions
13.66.Bc Hadron production in e-e+ interactions
13.66.De Lepton production in e-e+ interactions
13.66.Fg Gauge and Higgs boson production in e-e+ interactions
13.66.Hk Production of non-standard model particles in e-e+ interactions
13.66.Jn Precision mesurements in e-e+ interactions
13.66.Lm Processes in other lepton-lepton interactions
13.75.-n Hadron-induced low- and intermediate-energy reactions and scattering (energy(less-than-or-equal-to)10 GeV) (for higher energies, see 13.85.-t)
13.75.Cs Nucleon-nucleon interactions (including antinucleons, deuterons, etc.) (for N-N interactions in nuclei, see 21.30.-x)
13.75.Ev Hyperon-nucleon interactions
13.75.Gx Pion-baryon interactions
13.75.Jz Kaon-baryon interactions
13.75.Lb Meson-meson interactions
13.85.-t Hadron-induced high- and super-high-energy interactions (energy>10 GeV) (for low energies, see 13.75.-n)
13.85.Dz Elastic scattering
13.85.Fb Inelastic scattering: two-particle final states
13.85.Hd Inelastic scattering: many-particle final states
13.85.Lg Total cross sections
13.85.Ni Inclusive production with identified hadrons
13.85.Qk Inclusive production with identified leptons, photons, or other nonhadronic particles
13.85.Rm Limits on production of particles
13.85.Tp Cosmic-ray interactions (see also 96.50.S- Cosmic rays in interplanetary physics)
13.87.-a Jets in large-Q2 scattering
13.87.Ce Production
13.87.Fh Fragmentation into hadrons
13.88.+e Polarization in interactions and scattering
13.90.+i Other topics in specific reactions and phenomenology of elementary particles (restricted to new topics in section 13)
14.00.00 Properties of specific particles
14.20.-c Baryons (including antiparticles)
14.20.Dh Protons and neutrons
14.20.Gk Baryon resonances with S=0
14.20.Jn Hyperons
14.20.Lq Charmed baryons
14.20.Mr Bottom baryons
14.20.Pt Dibaryons
14.40.-n Mesons
14.40.Aq pi, K, and eta mesons
14.40.Cs Other mesons with S=C=0, mass<2.5 GeV
14.40.Ev Other strange mesons
14.40.Gx Mesons with S=C=B=0, mass>2.5 GeV (including quarkonia)
14.40.Lb Charmed mesons
14.40.Nd Bottom mesons
14.60.-z Leptons
14.60.Cd Electrons (including positrons)
14.60.Ef Muons
14.60.Fg Taus
14.60.Hi Other charged heavy leptons
14.60.Lm Ordinary neutrinos (nuW bosons
14.70.Hp Z bosons
14.70.Pw Other gauge bosons
14.80.-j Other particles (including hypothetical)
14.80.Bn Standard-model Higgs bosons
14.80.Cp Non-standard-model Higgs bosons
14.80.Hv Magnetic monopoles
14.80.Ly Supersymmetric partners of known particles
14.80.Mz Axions and other Nambu-Goldstone bosons (Majorons, familons, etc.)
20.00.00 NUCLEAR PHYSICS
21.00.00 Nuclear structure (for nucleon structure, see 14.20.Dh Properties of protons and neutrons; 13.40.-f for electromagnetic processes and properties; 13.60.Hb for deep-inelastic structure functions)
21.10.-k Properties of nuclei; nuclear energy levels (for properties of specific nuclei listed by mass ranges, see section 27)
21.10.Dr Binding energies and masses
21.10.Ft Charge distribution
21.10.Gv Mass and neutron distributions
21.10.Hw Spin, parity, and isobaric spin
21.10.Jx Spectroscopic factors and asymptotic normalization coefficients
21.10.Ky Electromagnetic moments
21.10.Ma Level density
21.10.Pc Single-particle levels and strength functions
21.10.Re Collective levels
21.10.Sf Coulomb energies
21.10.Tg Lifetimes
21.30.-x Nuclear forces (see also 13.75.Cs Nucleon-nucleon interactions)
21.30.Cb Nuclear forces in vacuum
21.30.Fe Forces in hadronic systems and effective interactions
21.45.+v Few-body systems
21.60.-n Nuclear structure models and methods
21.60.Cs Shell model
21.60.Ev Collective models
21.60.Fw Models based on group theory
21.60.Gx Cluster models
21.60.Jz Hartree-Fock and random-phase approximations
21.60.Ka Monte Carlo models
21.65.+f Nuclear matter
... ... Exotic atoms and molecules, see 36.10.-k
21.80.+a Hypernuclei
21.90.+f Other topics in nuclear structure (restricted to new topics in section 21)
23.00.00 Radioactive decay and in-beam spectroscopy
23.20.-g Electromagnetic transitions
23.20.En Angular distribution and correlation measurements
23.20.Gq Multipole mixing ratios
23.20.Js Multipole matrix elements
23.20.Lv gamma transitions and level energies
23.20.Nx Internal conversion and extranuclear effects
23.20.Ra Internal pair production
23.40.-s Beta decay; double beta decay; electron and muon capture
23.40.Bw Weak-interaction and lepton (including neutrino) aspects (see also 14.60.Pq Neutrino mass and mixing)
23.40.Hc Relation with nuclear matrix elements and nuclear structure
23.50.+z Decay by proton emission
23.60.+e Alpha decay
23.70.+j Heavy-particle decay
23.90.+w Other topics in radioactive decay and in-beam spectroscopy (restricted to new topics in section 23)
24.00.00 Nuclear reactions: general
24.10.-i Nuclear reaction models and methods
24.10.Cn Many-body theory
24.10.Eq Coupled-channel and distorted-wave models
24.10.Ht Optical and diffraction models
24.10.Jv Relativistic models
24.10.Lx Monte Carlo simulations (including hadron and parton cascades and string breaking models)
24.10.Nz Hydrodynamic models
24.10.Pa Thermal and statistical models
24.30.-v Resonance reactions
24.30.Cz Giant resonances
24.30.Gd Other resonances
24.50.+g Direct reactions
24.60.-k Statistical theory and fluctuations
24.60.Dr Statistical compound-nucleus reactions
24.60.Gv Statistical multistep direct reactions
24.60.Ky Fluctuation phenomena
24.60.Lz Chaos in nuclear systems
24.70.+s Polarization phenomena in reactions
24.75.+i General properties of fission
24.80.+y Nuclear tests of fundamental interactions and symmetries
24.85.+p Quarks, gluons, and QCD in nuclei and nuclear processes
24.90.+d Other topics in nuclear reactions: general (restricted to new topics in section 24)
25.00.00 Nuclear reactions: specific reactions
25.10.+s Nuclear reactions involving few-nucleon systems
25.20.-x Photonuclear reactions
25.20.Dc Photon absorption and scattering
25.20.Lj Photoproduction reactions
25.30.-c Lepton-induced reactions
25.30.Bf Elastic electron scattering
25.30.Dh Inelastic electron scattering to specific states
25.30.Fj Inelastic electron scattering to continuum
25.30.Hm Positron scattering
25.30.Mr Muon scattering (including the EMC effect)
25.30.Pt Neutrino scattering
25.30.Rw Electroproduction reactions
25.40.-h Nucleon-induced reactions (see also 28.20.-v Neutron physics)
25.40.Cm Elastic proton scattering
25.40.Dn Elastic neutron scattering
25.40.Ep Inelastic proton scattering
25.40.Fq Inelastic neutron scattering
25.40.Hs Transfer reactions
25.40.Kv Charge-exchange reactions
25.40.Lw Radiative capture
25.40.Ny Resonance reactions
25.40.Qa (p, pi) reactions
25.40.Sc Spallation reactions
25.40.Ve Other reactions above meson production thresholds (energies>400 MeV)
25.43.+t Antiproton-induced reactions
25.45.-z 2H-induced reactions
25.45.De Elastic and inelastic scattering
25.45.Hi Transfer reactions
25.45.Kk Charge-exchange reactions
25.55.-e 3H-, 3He-, and 4He-induced reactions
25.55.Ci Elastic and inelastic scattering
25.55.Hp Transfer reactions
25.55.Kr Charge-exchange reactions
25.60.-t Reactions induced by unstable nuclei
25.60.Bx Elastic scattering
25.60.Dz Interaction and reaction cross sections
25.60.Gc Breakup and momentum distributions
25.60.Je Transfer reactions
25.60.Lg Charge-exchange reactions
25.60.Pj Fusion reactions
25.70.-z Low and intermediate energy heavy-ion reactions
25.70.Bc Elastic and quasielastic scattering
25.70.De Coulomb excitation
25.70.Ef Resonances
25.70.Gh Compound nucleus
25.70.Hi Transfer reactions
25.70.Jj Fusion and fusion-fission reactions
25.70.Kk Charge-exchange reactions
25.70.Lm Strongly damped collisions
25.70.Mn Projectile and target fragmentation
25.70.Pq Multifragment emission and correlations
25.75.-q Relativistic heavy-ion collisions (collisions induced by light ions studied to calibrate relativistic heavy-ion collisions should be classified under both 25.75.-q and sections 13 or 25 appropriate to the light ions)
25.75.Dw Particle and resonance production
25.75.Gz Particle correlations
25.75.Ld Collective flow
25.75.Nq Quark deconfinement, quark-gluon plasma production, and phase transitions (see also 12.38.Mh Quark-gluon plasma in quantum chromodynamics)
25.80.-e Meson- and hyperon-induced reactions
25.80.Dj Pion elastic scattering
25.80.Ek Pion inelastic scattering
25.80.Gn Pion charge-exchange reactions
25.80.Hp Pion-induced reactions
25.80.Ls Pion inclusive scattering and absorption
25.80.Nv Kaon-induced reactions
25.80.Pw Hyperon-induced reactions
25.85.-w Fission reactions
25.85.Ca Spontaneous fission
25.85.Ec Neutron-induced fission
25.85.Ge Charged-particle-induced fission
25.85.Jg Photofission
25.90.+k Other topics in nuclear reactions: specific reactions (restricted to new topics in section 25)
26.00.00 Nuclear astrophysics (see also 95.30.-k Fundamental aspects of astrophysics in astronomy)
26.20.+f Hydrostatic stellar nucleosynthesis (see also 97.10.Cv Stellar structure, interiors, evolution, nucleosynthesis, ages in astronomy)
26.30.+k Nucleosynthesis in novae, supernovae, and other explosive environments
26.35.+c Big Bang nucleosynthesis (see also 98.80.Ft Origin, formation, and abundances of the elements in astronomy)
26.40.+r Cosmic ray nucleosynthesis
26.50.+x Nuclear physics aspects of novae, supernovae, and other explosive environments
26.60.+c Nuclear matter aspects of neutron stars
26.65.+t Solar neutrinos (see also 96.60.Vg in solar physics)
27.00.00 Properties of specific nuclei listed by mass ranges (an additional heading must be chosen with these entries, where the given mass number limits are, to some degree, arbitrary)
27.10.+h A(less-than-or-equal-to)5
27.20.+n 6(less-than-or-equal-to)A(less-than-or-equal-to)19
27.30.+t 20(less-than-or-equal-to)A(less-than-or-equal-to)38
27.40.+z 39(less-than-or-equal-to)A(less-than-or-equal-to)58
27.50.+e 59(less-than-or-equal-to)A(less-than-or-equal-to)89
27.60.+j 90(less-than-or-equal-to)A(less-than-or-equal-to)149
27.70.+q 150(less-than-or-equal-to)A(less-than-or-equal-to)189
27.80.+w 190(less-than-or-equal-to)A(less-than-or-equal-to)219
27.90.+b 220(less-than-or-equal-to)A
28.00.00 Nuclear engineering and nuclear power studies
28.20.-v Neutron physics (see also 25.40.-h Nucleon-induced reactions and 25.85.Ec Neutron-induced fission)
28.20.Cz Neutron scattering
28.20.Fc Neutron absorption
28.20.Gd Neutron transport: diffusion and moderation
28.41.-i Fission reactors
28.41.Ak Theory, design, and computerized simulation
28.41.Bm Fuel elements, preparation, reloading, and reprocessing
28.41.Fr Reactor coolants, reactor cooling, and heat recovery
28.41.Kw Radioactive wastes, waste disposal
28.41.My Reactor control systems
28.41.Pa Moderators
28.41.Qb Structural and shielding materials
28.41.Rc Instrumentation
28.41.Te Protection systems, safety, radiation monitoring, accidents, and dismantling
28.50.-k Fission reactor types
28.50.Dr Research reactors
28.50.Ft Fast and breeder reactors
28.50.Hw Power and production reactors
28.50.Ky Propulsion reactors
28.50.Ma Auxiliary generators
28.52.-s Fusion reactors (see also 52.55.-s, 52.57.-z, and 52.58.-c in physics of plasmas)
28.52.Av Theory, design, and computerized simulation
28.52.Cx Fueling, heating and ignition
28.52.Fa Materials
28.52.Lf Components and instrumentation
28.52.Nh Safety
28.60.+s Isotope separation and enrichment
28.70.+y Nuclear explosions (see also 47.40.-x Compressible flows; shock waves; for radiation protection from fallout, see 87.52.-g in biological and medical physics; for nuclear explosion seismology, see 91.30.Rz)
28.90.+i Other topics in nuclear engineering and nuclear power studies (restricted to new topics in section 28)
29.00.00 Experimental methods and instrumentation for elementary-particle and nuclear physics
29.17.+w Electrostatic, collective, and linear accelerators
29.20.-c Cyclic accelerators and storage rings
29.20.Dh Storage rings
29.20.Fj Betatrons
29.20.Hm Cyclotrons
29.20.Lq Synchrotrons
29.25.-t Particle sources and targets (see also 52.59.-f in physics of plasmas)
29.25.Bx Electron sources
29.25.Dz Neutron sources
29.25.Lg Ion sources: polarized
29.25.Ni Ion sources: positive and negative
29.25.Pj Polarized and other targets
29.25.Rm Sources of radioactive nuclei
29.27.-a Beams in particle accelerators (for low energy charged-particle beams, see 41.75.-i)
29.27.Ac Beam injection and extraction
29.27.Bd Beam dynamics; collective effects and instabilities
29.27.Eg Beam handling; beam transport
29.27.Fh Beam characteristics
29.27.Hj Polarized beams
29.30.-h Spectrometers and spectroscopic techniques
29.30.Aj Charged-particle spectrometers: electric and magnetic
29.30.Dn Electron spectroscopy
29.30.Ep Charged-particle spectroscopy
29.30.Hs Neutron spectroscopy
29.30.Kv X- and gamma-ray spectroscopy
29.30.Lw Nuclear orientation devices
... ... Energy loss and stopping power, see 34.50.Bw and 61.85.+p in atomic and molecular physics and condensed matter, respectively)
29.40.-n Radiation detectors (for mass spectrometers, see 07.75.+h; see also 95.55.Vj in astronomy)
29.40.Cs Gas-filled counters: ionization chambers, proportional, and avalanche counters
29.40.Gx Tracking and position-sensitive detectors
29.40.Ka Cherenkov detectors
29.40.Mc Scintillation detectors
29.40.Rg Nuclear emulsions
29.40.Vj Calorimeters
29.40.Wk Solid-state detectors
29.50.+v Computer interfaces (see also 07.05.Wr in computers in experimental physics)
29.85.+c Computer data analysis
29.87.+g Nuclear data compilation
29.90.+r Other topics in elementary-particle and nuclear physics experimental methods and instrumentation (restricted to new topics in section 29)
30.00.00 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS
31.00.00 Electronic structure of atoms and molecules: theory
31.10.+z Theory of electronic structure, electronic transitions, and chemical binding
31.15.-p Calculations and mathematical techniques in atomic and molecular physics (excluding electron correlation calculations) (see also 02.70.-c computational techniques, in mathematical methods in physics)
31.15.Ar Ab initio calculations
31.15.Bs Statistical model calculations (including Thomas-Fermi and Thomas-Fermi-Dirac models)
31.15.Ct Semi-empirical and empirical calculations (differential overlap, Huckel, PPP methods, etc.)
31.15.Dv Coupled-cluster theory
31.15.Ew Density-functional theory
31.15.Fx Finite-difference schemes
31.15.Gy Semiclassical methods
31.15.Hz Group theory
31.15.Ja Hyperspherical methods
31.15.Kb Path-integral methods
31.15.Lc Quasiparticle methods
31.15.Md Perturbation theory
31.15.Ne Self-consistent-field methods
31.15.Pf Variational techniques
31.15.Qg Molecular dynamics and other numerical methods
31.15.Rh Valence bond calculations
31.25.-v Electron correlation calculations for atoms and molecules
31.25.Eb Electron correlation calculations for atoms and ions: ground state
31.25.Jf Electron correlation calculations for atoms and ions: excited states
31.25.Nj Electron correlation calculations for diatomic molecules
31.25.Qm Electron correlation calculations for polyatomic molecules
31.30.-i Corrections to electronic structure
31.30.Gs Hyperfine interactions and isotope effects, Jahn-Teller effect
31.30.Jv Relativistic and quantum electrodynamic effects in atoms and molecules
31.50.-x Potential energy surfaces (for potential energy surfaces for chemical reactions, see 82.20.Kh; for collisions, see 34.20.Mq)
31.50.Bc Potential energy surfaces for ground electronic states
31.50.Df Potential energy surfaces for excited electronic states
31.50.Gh Surface crossings, non-adiabatic couplings
31.70.-f Effects of atomic and molecular interactions on electronic structure (see also section 34 Atomic and molecular collision processes and interactions)
31.70.Dk Environmental and solvent effects
31.70.Hq Time-dependent phenomena: excitation and relaxation processes, and reaction rates (for chemical kinetics aspects, see 82.20.Rp)
31.70.Ks Molecular solids
31.90.+s Other topics in the theory of the electronic structure of atoms and molecules (restricted to new topics in section 31)
32.00.00 Atomic properties and interactions with photons
32.10.-f Properties of atoms (see also 95.30.Ky in astrophysics)
32.10.Bi Atomic masses, mass spectra, abundances, and isotopes (for mass spectroscopy, see 07.75.+h in instruments, and 82.80.Ms, Nj, Rt in physical chemistry and chemical physics)
32.10.Dk Electric and magnetic moments, polarizability
32.10.Fn Fine and hyperfine structure
32.10.Hq Ionization potentials, electron affinities
32.30.-r Atomic spectra
32.30.Bv Radio-frequency, microwave, and infrared spectra
32.30.Dx Magnetic resonance spectra
32.30.Jc Visible and ultraviolet spectra
32.30.Rj X-ray spectra
32.50.+d Fluorescence, phosphorescence (including quenching)
32.60.+i Zeeman and Stark effects
32.70.-n Intensities and shapes of atomic spectral lines (see also 95.30.Ky in astrophysics)
32.70.Cs Oscillator strengths, lifetimes, transition moments
32.70.Fw Absolute and relative intensities
32.70.Jz Line shapes, widths, and shifts
32.80.-t Photon interactions with atoms (see also 42.50.-p Quantum optics)
32.80.Bx Level crossing and optical pumping
32.80.Cy Atomic scattering, cross sections, and form factors; Compton scattering
32.80.Dz Autoionization
32.80.Fb Photoionization of atoms and ions
32.80.Gc Photodetachment of atomic negative ions
32.80.Hd Auger effect and inner-shell excitation or ionization
32.80.Lg Mechanical effects of light on atoms, molecules, and ions
32.80.Pj Optical cooling of atoms; trapping
32.80.Qk Coherent control of atomic interactions with photons
32.80.Rm Multiphoton ionization and excitation to highly excited states (e.g., Rydberg states)
32.80.Wr Other multiphoton processes
32.80.Ys Weak-interaction effects in atoms
32.90.+a Other topics in atomic properties and interactions of atoms with photons (restricted to new topics in section 32)
33.00.00 Molecular properties and interactions with photons
33.15.-e Properties of molecules (see also 95.30.Ky in astrophysics)
33.15.Bh General molecular conformation and symmetry; stereochemistry
33.15.Dj Interatomic distances and angles
33.15.Fm Bond strengths, dissociation energies
33.15.Hp Barrier heights (internal rotation, inversion, rotational isomerism, conformational dynamics)
33.15.Kr Electric and magnetic moments (and derivatives), polarizability, and magnetic susceptibility
33.15.Mt Rotation, vibration, and vibration-rotation constants
33.15.Pw Fine and hyperfine structure
33.15.Ry Ionization potentials, electron affinities, molecular core binding energy
33.15.Ta Mass spectra
33.15.Vb Correlation times in molecular dynamics
33.20.-t Molecular spectra
33.20.Bx Radio-frequency and microwave spectra
33.20.Ea Infrared spectra
33.20.Fb Raman and Rayleigh spectra (including optical scattering)
33.20.Kf Visible spectra
33.20.Lg Ultraviolet spectra
33.20.Ni Vacuum ultraviolet spectra
33.20.Rm X-ray spectra
33.20.Sn Rotational analysis
33.20.Tp Vibrational analysis
33.20.Vq Vibration-rotation analysis
33.20.Wr Vibronic, rovibronic, and rotation-electron-spin interactions
33.25.+k Nuclear resonance and relaxation (see also 76.60.-k Nuclear magnetic resonance and relaxation in condensed matter and 82.56.-b in physical chemistry and chemical physics)
33.35.+r Electron resonance and relaxation (see also 76.30.-v Electron paramagnetic resonance and relaxation in condensed matter)
33.40.+f Multiple resonances (including double and higher-order resonance processes, such as double nuclear magnetic resonance, electron double resonance, and microwave optical double resonance) (see also 76.70.-r Magnetic double resonances and cross effects in condensed matter)
33.45.+x Mossbauer spectra (see also 76.80.+y Mossbauer effect; other x-ray spectroscopy)
33.50.-j Fluorescence and phosphorescence; radiationless transitions, quenching (intersystem crossing, internal conversion) (for energy transfer, see also section 34)
33.50.Dq Fluorescence and phosphorescence spectra
33.50.Hv Radiationless transitions, quenching
33.55.-b Optical activity and dichroism; magnetooptical and electrooptical spectra
33.55.Ad Optical activity, optical rotation; circular dichroism
33.55.Be Zeeman and Stark effects
33.55.Fi Other magnetooptical and electrooptical effects
33.60.-q Photoelectron spectra
33.60.Cv Ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet photoelectron spectra
33.60.Fy X-ray photoelectron spectra
33.70.-w Intensities and shapes of molecular spectral lines and bands
33.70.Ca Oscillator and band strengths, lifetimes, transition moments, and Franck-Condon factors
33.70.Fd Absolute and relative line and band intensities
33.70.Jg Line and band widths, shapes, and shifts
33.80.-b Photon interactions with molecules (see also 42.50.-p Quantum optics)
33.80.Be Level crossing and optical pumping
33.80.Eh Autoionization, photoionization, and photodetachment
33.80.Gj Diffuse spectra; predissociation, photodissociation
33.80.Ps Optical cooling of molecules; trapping
33.80.Rv Multiphoton ionization and excitation to highly excited states (e.g., Rydberg states)
33.80.Wz Other multiphoton processes
33.90.+h Other topics in molecular properties and interactions with photons (restricted to new topics in section 33)
34.00.00 Atomic and molecular collision processes and interactions (for atomic, molecular, and ionic collisions in plasma, see 52.20.Hv; see also 95.30.Dr, Ft in astrophysics; 98.38.Bn and 98.58.Bz in interstellar media in astronomy)
34.10.+x General theories and models of atomic and molecular collisions and interactions (including statistical theories, transition state, stochastic and trajectory models, etc.)
34.20.-b Interatomic and intermolecular potentials and forces, potential energy surfaces for collisions
34.20.Cf Interatomic potentials and forces
34.20.Gj Intermolecular and atom-molecule potentials and forces
34.20.Mq Potential energy surfaces for collisions (see also 82.20.Kh Potential energy surfaces for chemical reactions; for potential energy surface in electronic structure calculations, see 31.50.-x)
34.30.+h Intramolecular energy transfer; intramolecular dynamics; dynamics of van der Waals molecules
34.50.-s Scattering of atoms and molecules
34.50.Bw Energy loss and stopping power
34.50.Dy Interactions of atoms and molecules with surfaces; photon and electron emission; neutralization of ions (for surface characterization by particle-surface scattering, see 68.49.-h in surfaces, interfaces, thin films, and low-dimensional structures)
34.50.Ez Rotational and vibrational energy transfer
34.50.Fa Electronic excitation and ionization of atoms (including beam-foil excitation and ionization)
34.50.Gb Electronic excitation and ionization of molecules; intermediate molecular states (including lifetimes, state mixing, etc.)
34.50.Lf Chemical reactions, energy disposal, and angular distribution, as studied by atomic and molecular beams
34.50.Pi State-to-state scattering analyses
34.50.Rk Laser-modified scattering and reactions
34.60.+z Scattering in highly excited states (e.g., Rydberg states)
34.70.+e Charge transfer (for charge transfer reactions, see 82.30.Fi in physical chemistry and chemical physics)
34.80.-i Electron scattering (for electron collisions in plasma, see 52.20.Fs in physics of plasmas)
34.80.Bm Elastic scattering of electrons by atoms and molecules
34.80.Dp Atomic excitation and ionization by electron impact
34.80.Gs Molecular excitation and ionization by electron impact
34.80.Ht Dissociation and dissociative attachment by electron impact
34.80.Kw Electron-ion scattering; excitation and ionization
34.80.Lx Electron-ion recombination and electron attachment
34.80.My Fundamental electron inelastic processes in weakly ionized gases
34.80.Nz Spin dependence of cross sections; polarized electron beam experiments
34.80.Pa Coherence and correlation in electron scattering
34.80.Qb Laser-modified scattering
34.85.+x Positron scattering
34.90.+q Other topics in atomic and molecular collision processes and interactions (restricted to new topics in section 34)
36.00.00 Exotic atoms and molecules; macromolecules; clusters
36.10.-k Exotic atoms and molecules (containing mesons, muons, and other unusual particles)
36.10.Dr Positronium, muonium, muonic atoms and molecules
36.10.Gv Mesonic atoms and molecules, hyperonic atoms and molecules
36.20.-r Macromolecules and polymer molecules (for polymer reactions and polymerization, see 82.35.-x; for biological macromolecules and polymers, see 87.14.-g and 87.15.-v)
36.20.Cw Molecular weights, dispersity
36.20.Ey Conformation (statistics and dynamics)
36.20.Fz Constitution (chains and sequences)
36.20.Hb Configuration (bonds, dimensions)
36.20.Kd Electronic structure and spectra
36.20.Ng Vibrational and rotational structure, infrared and Raman spectra
36.40.-c Atomic and molecular clusters (see also 61.46.-w Nanoscale materials)
36.40.Cg Electronic and magnetic properties of clusters
36.40.Ei Phase transitions in clusters
36.40.Gk Plasma and collective effects in clusters
36.40.Jn Reactivity of clusters
36.40.Mr Spectroscopy and geometrical structure of clusters
36.40.Qv Stability and fragmentation of clusters
36.40.Sx Diffusion and dynamics of clusters
36.40.Vz Optical properties of clusters
36.40.Wa Charged clusters
36.90.+f Other exotic atoms and molecules; macromolecules; clusters (restricted to new topics in section 36)
39.00.00 Instrumentation and techniques for atomic and molecular physics
39.10.+j Atomic and molecular beam sources and techniques
39.20.+q Atom interferometry techniques (see also 03.75.Dg Atom and neutron interferometry in quantum mechanics)
39.25.+k Atom manipulation (scanning probe microscopy, laser cooling, etc.) (see also 82.37.Gk STM and AFM manipulations of a single molecule in physical chemistry and chemical physics; for atom manipulation in nanofabrication and processing, see 81.16.Ta)
39.30.+w Spectroscopic techniques (see also 78.47.+p Time-resolved optical spectroscopies and other ultrafast optical measurements in condensed matter and 82.53.Kp Coherent spectroscopy of atoms and molecules in physical chemistry and chemical physics)
39.90.+d Other instrumentation and techniques for atomic and molecular physics (restricted to new topics in section 39)
40.00.00 ELECTROMAGNETISM, OPTICS, ACOUSTICS, HEAT TRANSFER, CLASSICAL MECHANICS, AND FLUID DYNAMICS
41.00.00 Electromagnetism; electron and ion optics
41.20.-q Applied classical electromagnetism (for submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave instruments and equipment, see 07.57.-c)
41.20.Cv Electrostatics; Poisson and Laplace equations, boundary-value problems
41.20.Gz Magnetostatics; magnetic shielding, magnetic induction, boundary-value problems
41.20.Jb Electromagnetic wave propagation; radiowave propagation (for light propagation, see 42.25.Bs; for electromagnetic waves in plasma, see 52.35.Hr; for atmospheric, ionospheric, and magnetospheric propagation, see 92.60.Ta, 94.20.Bb, and 94.30.Tz, respectively; see also 94.05.Pt Wave/wave, wave/particle interactions, in space plasma physics)
41.50.+h X-ray beams and x-ray optics (see also 07.85.Fv in instruments)
41.60.-m Radiation by moving charges
41.60.Ap Synchrotron radiation (for synchrotron radiation instrumentation, see 07.85.Qe)
41.60.Bq Cherenkov radiation
41.60.Cr Free-electron lasers (see also 52.59.Rz Free-electron devices-in plasma physics)
41.75.-i Charged-particle beams
41.75.Ak Positive-ion beams
41.75.Cn Negative-ion beams
41.75.Fr Electron and positron beams
41.75.Ht Relativistic electron and positron beams
41.75.Jv Laser-driven acceleration (see also 52.38.-r Laser-plasma interactions in plasma physics)
41.75.Lx Other advanced accelerator concepts
41.85.-p Beam optics (see also 07.77.Ka Charged-particle beam sources and detectors; 29.27.-a Beams in particle accelerators)
41.85.Ar Beam extraction, beam injection
41.85.Ct Beam shaping, beam splitting
41.85.Ew Beam profile, beam intensity
41.85.Gy Chromatic and geometrical aberrations
41.85.Ja Beam transport
41.85.Lc Beam focusing and bending magnets, wiggler magnets, and quadrupoles (see also 07.55.Db-in instruments; for superconducting magnets, see 84.71.Ba)
41.85.Ne Electrostatic lenses, septa
41.85.Qg Beam analyzers, beam monitors, and Faraday cups
41.85.Si Beam collimators, monochromators
41.90.+e Other topics in electromagnetism; electron and ion optics (restricted to new topics in section 41)
42.00.00 Optics (for optical properties of gases, see 51.70.+f; for optical properties of bulk materials and thin films, see 78.20.-e; for x-ray optics, see 41.50.+h)
42.15.-i Geometrical optics
42.15.Dp Wave fronts and ray tracing
42.15.Eq Optical system design
42.15.Fr Aberrations
42.25.-p Wave optics
42.25.Bs Wave propagation, transmission and absorption (see also 41.20.Jb-in electromagnetism; for propagation in atmosphere, see 42.68.Ay; see also 52.40.Db Electromagnetic (nonlaser) radiation interactions with plasma and 52.38-r Laser-plasma interactions-in plasma physics)
42.25.Dd Wave propagation in random media
42.25.Fx Diffraction and scattering
42.25.Gy Edge and boundary effects; reflection and refraction
42.25.Hz Interference
42.25.Ja Polarization
42.25.Kb Coherence
42.25.Lc Birefringence
42.30.-d Imaging and optical processing
42.30.Kq Fourier optics
42.30.Lr Modulation and optical transfer functions
42.30.Ms Speckle and moire patterns
42.30.Rx Phase retrieval
42.30.Sy Pattern recognition
42.30.Tz Computer vision; robotic vision
42.30.Va Image forming and processing
42.30.Wb Image reconstruction; tomography
42.40.-i Holography
42.40.Eq Holographic optical elements; holographic gratings
42.40.Ht Hologram recording and readout methods (see also 42.70.Ln Holographic recording materials; optical storage media)
42.40.Jv Computer-generated holograms
42.40.Kw Holographic interferometry; other holographic techniques (see also 07.60.Ly Interferometers)
42.40.Lx Diffraction efficiency, resolution, and other hologram characteristics
42.40.My Applications
42.40.Pa Volume holograms
42.50.-p Quantum optics (for lasers, see 42.55.-f and 42.60.-v; see also 42.65.-k Nonlinear optics; 03.65.-w Quantum mechanics)
42.50.Ar Photon statistics and coherence theory
42.50.Ct Quantum description of interaction of light and matter; related experiments
42.50.Dv Nonclassical states of the electromagnetic field, including entangled photon states; quantum state engineering and measurements (see also 03.65.Ud Entanglement and quantum nonlocality, e.g. EPR paradox, Bell's inequalities, GHZ states, etc.)
42.50.Fx Cooperative phenomena in quantum optical systems
42.50.Gy Effects of atomic coherence on propagation, absorption, and amplification of light; electromagnetically induced transparency and absorption
42.50.Hz Strong-field excitation of optical transitions in quantum systems; multiphoton processes; dynamic Stark shift (for multiphoton ionization and excitation of atoms and molecules, see 32.80.Rn, and 33.80.Rm, respectively)
42.50.Lc Quantum fluctuations, quantum noise, and quantum jumps
42.50.Md Optical transient phenomena: quantum beats, photon echo, free-induction decay, dephasings and revivals, optical nutation, and self-induced transparency
... ... Dynamics of nonlinear optical systems; optical instabilities, optical chaos, and optical spatio-temporal dynamics, see 42.65.Sf
... ... Optical solitons; nonlinear guided waves, see 42.65.Tg
42.50.Nn Quantum optical phenomena in absorbing, dispersive and conducting media
42.50.Pq Cavity quantum electrodynamics; micromasers
42.50.St Nonclassical interferometry, subwavelength lithography
42.50.Vk Mechanical effects of light on atoms, molecules, electrons, and ions (see also 32.80.Pj and 33.80.Ps Optical cooling and trapping of atoms and molecules, respectively)
... ... Optical tests of fundamental laws and forces, see 12.20.Fv Experimental tests in quantum electrodynamics and 03.65.Ta Foundations of quantum mechanics; measurement theory
42.50.Xa Optical tests of quantum theory
42.55.-f Lasers
42.55.Ah General laser theory
42.55.Ks Chemical lasers (for chemiluminescence, see 78.60.Ps)
42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers
42.55.Mv Dye lasers
42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
42.55.Rz Doped-insulator lasers and other solid state lasers
42.55.Sa Microcavity and microdisk lasers
42.55.Tv Photonic crystal lasers and coherent effects
42.55.Vc X- and gamma-ray lasers
42.55.Wd Fiber lasers
42.55.Xi Diode-pumped lasers
42.55.Ye Raman lasers (see also 42.65.Dr Stimulated Raman scattering; CARS)
... ... Free-electron lasers, see 41.60.Cr and 52.59.Rz in electromagnetism and plasma physics, respectively
42.55.Zz Random lasers
42.60.-v Laser optical systems: design and operation
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings
42.60.Fc Modulation, tuning, and mode locking
42.60.Gd Q-switching
42.60.Jf Beam characteristics: profile, intensity, and power; spatial pattern formation
42.60.Lh Efficiency, stability, gain, and other operational parameters
42.60.Mi Dynamical laser instabilities; noisy laser behavior
42.60.Pk Continuous operation
42.60.Rn Relaxation oscillations and long pulse operation
... ... Ultrashort pulse generation, see 42.65.Tg
... ... Dynamics of nonlinear optical systems, see 42.65.Sf
42.62.-b Laser applications
42.62.Be Biological and medical applications (see also 87.50.Hj, 87.54.Fj, 87.63.Lk, and 87.80.Cc in biological and medical physics)
42.62.Cf Industrial applications
42.62.Eh Metrological applications; optical frequency synthesizers for precision spectroscopy (see also 06.20.-f Metrology, and 06.30.-k Measurements common to several branches of physics and astronomy)
42.62.Fi Laser spectroscopy
42.65.-k Nonlinear optics
42.65.An Optical susceptibility, hyperpolarizability (see also 33.15.Kr Electric and magnetic moments (and derivatives), polarizability, and magnetic susceptibility)
42.65.Dr Stimulated Raman scattering; CARS (for Raman lasers, see 42.55.Ye)
42.65.Es Stimulated Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering
42.65.Hw Phase conjugation; photorefractive and Kerr effects
42.65.Jx Beam trapping, self-focusing and defocusing; self-phase modulation
42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation (see also 42.79.Nv Optical frequency converters)
42.65.Lm Parametric down conversion and production of entangled photons (see also 42.50.Dv Nonclassical states of the electromagnetic field, including entangled photon states; quantum state engineering and measurements; for optical parametric oscillators and amplifiers, see 42.65.Yj)
42.65.Pc Optical bistability, multistability, and switching, including local field effects (see also 42.60.Gd Q-switching; 42.79.Ta Optical computers, logic elements, interconnects, switches; neural networks)
42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression
42.65.Sf Dynamics of nonlinear optical systems; optical instabilities, optical chaos and complexity, and optical spatio-temporal dynamics
42.65.Tg Optical solitons; nonlinear guided waves (for solitons in fibers, see 42.81.Dp)
42.65.Wi Nonlinear waveguides
42.65.Yj Optical parametric oscillators and amplifiers (see also 42.65.Lm Parametric down conversion and production of entangled photons)
42.66.-p Physiological optics
42.66.Ct Anatomy and optics of eye
42.66.Ew Physiology of eye; optic-nerve structure and function (see also 87.19.Dd Information processing in vision and hearing in biological and medical physics)
42.66.Lc Vision: light detection, adaptation, and discrimination
42.66.Ne Color vision: color detection, adaptation, and discrimination
42.66.Qg Scales for light and color detection
42.66.Si Psychophysics of vision, visual perception; binocular vision
42.68.-w Atmospheric and ocean optics
42.68.Ay Propagation, transmission, attenuation, and radiative transfer (see also 92.60.Ta Electromagnetic wave propagation)
42.68.Bz Atmospheric turbulence effects (see also 92.60.hk Convection, turbulence, and diffusion in meteorology)
42.68.Ca Spectral absorption by atmospheric gases (see also 92.60.Vb Radiative processes, solar radiation in meteorology)
42.68.Ge Effects of clouds and water; ice crystal phenomena (see also 92.60.Jq Water in the atmosphere; 92.60.Nv Cloud physics and chemistry in meteorology)
42.68.Jg Effects of aerosols (see also 92.60.Mt Particles and aerosols in meteorology; 92.20.Bk Aerosols in chemical and biological oceanography; 91.40.Dr Atmospheric effects in volcanology)
42.68.Kh Effects of air pollution (see also 92.60.Sz Air quality and air pollution in meteorology; 92.10.Xc Ocean fog in oceanography)
42.68.Mj Scattering, polarization (see also 92.60.Ta Electromagnetic wave propagation and 92.60.Vb Radiative processes, solar radiation in meteorology)
42.68.Sq Image transmission and formation
42.68.Wt Remote sensing; LIDAR and adaptive systems
42.68.Xy Ocean optics (see also 92.05.Hj Physical and chemical properties of sea water in oceanography)
42.70.-a Optical materials (see also 81.05.-t Specific materials: fabrication, treatment, testing and analysis)
42.70.Ce Glasses, quartz
42.70.Df Liquid crystals (for structure of liquid crystals, see 61.30.-v)
42.70.Gi Light-sensitive materials
42.70.Hj Laser materials
42.70.Jk Polymers and organics
42.70.Km Infrared transmitting materials
42.70.Ln Holographic recording materials; optical storage media
42.70.Mp Nonlinear optical crystals (see also 77.84.-s Dielectric, piezoelectric, and ferroelectric materials)
42.70.Nq Other nonlinear optical materials; photorefractive and semiconductor materials
42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials (for photonic crystal lasers, see 42.55.Tv)
42.72.-g Optical sources and standards (for lasers, see 42.55.-f)
42.72.Ai Infrared sources (see also 07.57.Hm Infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave sources)
42.72.Bj Visible and ultraviolet sources
42.79.-e Optical elements, devices, and systems (for integrated optics, see 42.82.-m; for fiber optics, see 42.81.-i)
... ... Optical instruments, equipment and techniques, see 07.60.-j and 07.57.-c
... ... Optical spectrometers, see 07.57.Ty and 07.60.Rd
... ... Photography, photographic instruments and techniques, see 07.68.+m
... ... Magnetooptical devices, see 85.70.Sq
42.79.Ag Apertures, collimators
42.79.Bh Lenses, prisms and mirrors
42.79.Ci Filters, zone plates, and polarizers
42.79.Dj Gratings (for holographic gratings, see 42.40.Eq)
42.79.Ek Solar collectors and concentrators (see also 84.60.Jt Photoelectric conversion: solar cells and arrays)
42.79.Fm Reflectors, beam splitters, and deflectors
42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers (for fiber waveguides and waveguides in integrated optics, see 42.81.Qb and 42.82.Et, respectively)
42.79.Hp Optical processors, correlators, and modulators
42.79.Jq Acousto-optical devices (see also 43.38.Zp-in acoustics appendix)
42.79.Kr Display devices, liquid-crystal devices (see also 85.60.Pg Display systems)
42.79.Ls Scanners, image intensifiers, and image converters (see also 85.60.-q Optoelectronic devices)
42.79.Mt Schlieren devices
42.79.Nv Optical frequency converters
42.79.Pw Imaging detectors and sensors (see also 85.60.Gz Photodetectors)
42.79.Qx Range finders, remote sensing devices; laser Doppler velocimeters, SAR, and LIDAR (see also 42.68.Wt Remote sensing; LIDAR and adaptive systems)
42.79.Ry Gradient-index (GRIN) devices (for fiber GRIN devices, see 42.81.Ht)
42.79.Sz Optical communication systems, multiplexers, and demultiplexers (for fiber networks, see 42.81.Uv)
42.79.Ta Optical computers, logic elements, interconnects, switches; neural networks
42.79.Vb Optical storage systems, optical disks (see also 42.40.Ht Hologram recording and readout methods)
42.79.Wc Optical coatings
42.81.-i Fiber optics
... ... Fiber-optic instruments, see 07.60.Vg
42.81.Bm Fabrication, cladding, and splicing
42.81.Cn Fiber testing and measurement of fiber parameters
42.81.Dp Propagation, scattering, and losses; solitons
42.81.Gs Birefringence, polarization
42.81.Ht Gradient-index (GRIN) fiber devices
42.81.Pa Sensors, gyros
42.81.Qb Fiber waveguides, couplers, and arrays
42.81.Uv Fiber networks (see also 42.79.Sz Optical communication systems, multiplexers, and demultiplexers)
42.81.Wg Other fiber-optical devices (for fiber lasers, see 42.55.Wd)
42.82.-m Integrated optics
42.82.Bq Design and performance testing of integrated-optical systems
42.82.Cr Fabrication techniques; lithography, pattern transfer (see also 85.40.-e Microelectronics: LSI, VLSI, ULSI; integrated circuit fabrication technology)
42.82.Ds Interconnects, including holographic interconnects (see also 42.79.Td Optical computers, logic elements, interconnects, switches; neural networks)
42.82.Et Waveguides, couplers, and arrays (for fiber waveguides, see 42.81.Qb)
42.82.Fv Hybrid systems
42.82.Gw Other integrated-optical elements and systems
42.86.+b Optical workshop techniques
42.87.-d Optical testing techniques
42.87.Bg Phase shifting interferometry (see also 07.60.Ly Interferometers)
42.88.+h Environmental and radiation effects on optical elements, devices, and systems (see also 07.89.+b Environmental effects on instruments)
42.90.+m Other topics in optics (restricted to new topics in section 42)
43.00.00 Acoustics (for more detailed headings, see Appendix to section 43)
43.20.+g General linear acoustics
43.25.+y Nonlinear acoustics
43.28.+h Aeroacoustics and atmospheric sound (see also 92.60.hh Acoustic gravity waves, tides, and compressional waves in meteorology)
43.30.+m Underwater sound (see also 92.10.Vz-in physical oceanography)
43.35.+d Ultrasonics, quantum acoustics, and physical effects of sound
... ... Phonons in crystal lattices, see 63.20.-e
... ... Acoustical properties of rocks and minerals, see 91.60.Lj
... ... Sound waves in plasma, see 52.35.Dm
... ... Low-temperature acoustics and sound in liquid helium, see section 67
... ... Acoustical properties of solids, see 62.65.+k; for ultrasonic relaxation, see 62.80.+f
... ... Acoustic properties of thin films, see 68.60.Bs
... ... Acoustoelectric effects, see 72.50.+b and 73.50.Rb
... ... Magnetoacoustic effects, oscillations, and resonance, see 72.55.+s, 73.50.Rb, and 75.80.+q
... ... Acoustic holography, see 43.60.Sx in acoustics appendix; for acoustooptical effects, see 78.20.Hp
... ... Sound waves in fluid dynamics, see 47.35.Rs
43.38.+n Transduction; acoustical devices for the generation and reproduction of sound
43.40.+s Structural acoustics and vibration
43.50.+y Noise: its effects and control
43.55.+p Architectural acoustics
43.58.+z Acoustical measurements and instrumentation
43.60.+d Acoustic signal processing
43.64.+r Physiological acoustics
... ... Biological effects of sound and ultrasound, see 87.50.Kk
43.66.+y Psychological acoustics
43.70.+i Speech production
43.71.+m Speech perception
43.72.+q Speech processing and communication systems
43.75.+a Music and musical instruments
43.80.+p Bioacoustics
43.90.+v Other topics in acoustics (restricted to new topics in section 43)
44.00.00 Heat transfer
44.05.+e Analytical and numerical techniques
44.10.+i Heat conduction (see also 66.60.+a and 66.70.+f in transport properties of condensed matter)
44.15.+a Channel and internal heat flow
44.20.+b Boundary layer heat flow
44.25.+f Natural convection (see also 47.27.te Turbulent convective heat transfer in fluid dynamics)
44.27.+g Forced convection
44.30.+v Heat flow in porous media
44.35.+c Heat flow in multiphase systems
44.40.+a Thermal radiation
44.90.+c Other topics in heat transfer (restricted to new topics in section 44)
45.00.00 Classical mechanics of discrete systems
45.05.+x General theory of classical mechanics of discrete systems
45.10.-b Computational methods in classical mechanics (see also 02.70.-c Computational techniques in mathematical methods in physics)
45.10.Db Variational and optimization methods
45.10.Hj Perturbation and fractional calculus methods
45.10.Na Geometrical and tensorial methods
45.20.-d Formalisms in classical mechanics
45.20.D- Newtonian mechanics
45.20.da Forces and torques
45.20.dc Rotational dynamics
45.20.df Momentum conservation
45.20.dg Mechanical energy, work, and power
45.20.dh Energy conservation
45.20.Jj Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics
45.30.+s General linear dynamical systems (for nonlinear dynamical systems, see 05.45.-a)
45.40.-f Dynamics and kinematics of rigid bodies
45.40.Aa Translation kinematics
45.40.Bb Rotational kinematics
45.40.Cc Rigid body and gyroscope motion
45.40.Gj Ballistics (projectiles; rockets)
45.40.Ln Robotics
45.50.-j Dynamics and kinematics of a particle and a system of particles
45.50.Dd General motion
45.50.Jf Few- and many-body systems
45.50.Pk Celestial mechanics (see also 95.10.Ce in fundamental astronomy)
45.50.Tn Collisions
45.70.-n Granular systems (see also 05.65.+b Self-organized systems)
45.70.Cc Static sandpiles; granular compaction
45.70.Ht Avalanches
45.70.Mg Granular flow: mixing, segregation and stratification
45.70.Qj Pattern formation
45.70.Vn Granular models of complex systems; traffic flow
45.80.+r Control of mechanical systems (see also 46.80.+j Measurement methods and techniques in continuum mechanics of solids)
45.90.+t Other topics in classical mechanics of discrete systems (restricted to new topics in section 45)
46.00.00 Continuum mechanics of solids (see also 83.10.Ff in rheology; 91.60.Ba Elasticity, fracture, and flow; 91.45.Ga Dynamics and mechanics of tectonics; 91.55.Ln Kinematics of crustal and mantle deformation in geophysics)
46.05.+b General theory of continuum mechanics of solids
46.15.-x Computational methods in continuum mechanics (see also 02.70.-e Computational techniques in mathematical methods in physics)
46.15.Cc Variational and optimizational methods
46.15.Ff Perturbation and complex analysis methods
46.25.-y Static elasticity
46.25.Cc Theoretical studies
46.25.Hf Thermoelasticity and electromagnetic elasticity (electroelasticity, magnetoelasticity)
46.32.+x Static buckling and instability
46.35.+z Viscoelasticity, plasticity, viscoplasticity (see also 83.60.Bc, Df, in rheology; 91.60.Dc Plasticity, diffusion, and creep in physical properties of rocks and minerals)
46.40.-f Vibrations and mechanical waves (see also 43.40.+s Structural acoustics and vibration; 62.30.+d Mechanical and elastic waves; vibrations in mechanical properties of solids)
46.40.Cd Mechanical wave propagation (including diffraction, scattering, and dispersion)
46.40.Ff Resonance, damping, and dynamic stability
46.40.Jj Aeroelasticity and hydroelasticity
46.50.+a Fracture mechanics, fatigue and cracks (see also 62.20.Mk Fatigue, brittleness, fracture, and cracks in mechanical properties of solids)
46.55.+d Tribology and mechanical contacts (see also 81.40.Pq Friction, lubrication and wear in materials science; 62.20.Qp Tribology and hardness in mechanical properties of solids)
46.65.+g Random phenomena and media (see also 05.40.-a Fluctuation phenomena, random processes, noise, and Brownian motion)
46.70.-p Application of continuum mechanics to structures
46.70.De Beams, plates, and shells
46.70.Hg Membranes, rods, and strings
46.70.Lk Other structures
46.80.+j Measurement methods and techniques in continuum mechanics of solids (see also 07.10.-h Mechanical instruments, equipment, and techniques)
46.90.+s Other topics in continuum mechanics of solids (restricted to new topics in section 46)
47.00.00 Fluid dynamics (for fluid dynamics of quantum fluids, see 67; see also section 83 Rheology; for sound generation by fluid flow, see 43.28.Ra-in acoustics appendix)
47.10.-g General theory in fluid dynamics
47.10.A- Mathematical formulations
47.10.ab Conservation laws and constitutive relations
47.10.ad Navier-Stokes equations
47.10.Df Hamiltonian formulations
47.10.Fg Dynamical systems methods
47.11.-j Computational methods in fluid dynamics
47.11.Bc Finite difference methods
47.11.Df Finite volume methods
47.11.Fg Finite element methods
47.11.Hj Boundary element methods
47.11.Kb Spectral methods
47.11.Mn Molecular dynamics methods
47.11.Qr Lattice gas
47.11.St Multi-scale methods
47.15.-x Laminar flows
47.15.Cb Laminar boundary layers
47.15.Fe Stability of laminar flows
47.15.G- Low-Reynolds-number (creeping) flows
47.15.gm Thin film flows
47.15.gp Hele-Shaw flows
47.15.K- Inviscid laminar flows
47.15.ki Inviscid flows with vorticity
47.15.km Potential flows
47.15.Rq Laminar flows in cavities, channels, ducts, and conduits
47.15.St Free shear layers
47.15.Tr Laminar wakes
47.15.Uv Laminar jets
47.20.-k Flow instabilities (see also 47.15.Fe Stability of laminar flows)
47.20.Bp Buoyancy-driven instabilities (e.g., Rayleigh-Benard)
47.20.Cq Inviscid instability
47.20.Dr Surface-tension-driven instability
47.20.Ft Instability of shear flows (e.g., Kelvin-Helmholtz)
47.20.Gv Viscous and viscoelastic instabilities
47.20.Hw Morphological instability; phase changes
47.20.Ib Instability of boundary layers; separation
47.20.Ky Nonlinearity, bifurcation, and symmetry breaking
47.20.Lz Secondary instabilities
47.20.Ma Interfacial instabilities (e.g., Rayleigh-Taylor)
47.20.Pc Flow receptivity
47.20.Qr Centrifugal instabilities (e.g., Taylor-Couette flow)
47.27.-i Turbulent flows
47.27.Ak Fundamentals
47.27.Cn Transition to turbulence
47.27.De Coherent structures
47.27.E- Turbulence simulation and modeling
47.27.eb Statistical theories and models
47.27.ed Dynamical systems approaches
47.27.ef Field-theoretic formulations and renormalization
47.27.ek Direct numerical simulations
47.27.em Eddy-viscosity closures; Reynolds stress modeling
47.27.ep Large-eddy simulations
47.27.er Spectral methods
47.27.Gs Isotropic turbulence; homogeneous turbulence
47.27.Jv High-Reynolds-number turbulence
47.27.N- Wall-bounded shear flow turbulence
47.27.nb Boundary layer turbulence
47.27.nd Channel flow
47.27.nf Flows in pipes and nozzles
47.27.Rc Turbulence control
47.27.Sd Turbulence generated noise
47.27.T- Turbulent transport processes
47.27.tb Turbulent diffusion
47.27.te Turbulent convective heat transfer
47.27.W- Boundary-free shear flow turbulence
47.27.wb Turbulent wakes
47.27.wg Turbulent jets
47.27.wj Turbulent mixing layers
47.32.-y Vortex dynamics; rotating fluids
47.32.C- Vortex dynamics
47.32.cb Vortex interactions
47.32.cd Vortex stability and breakdown
47.32.cf Vortex reconnection and rings
47.32.ck Vortex streets
47.32.Ef Rotating and swirling flows
47.32.Ff Separated flows
47.35.-i Hydrodynamic waves (see also 47.65.-d Magnetohydrodynamics and electrohydrodynamics; 52.35.Bj Magnetohydrodynamic waves; 52.35.Dm Sound waves in Physics of plasmas and electric discharges)
47.35.Bb Gravity waves
47.35.De Shear waves
47.35.Fg Solitary waves
47.35.Jk Wave breaking
47.35.Lf Wave-structure interactions
47.35.Pq Capillary waves
47.35.Rs Sound waves
47.35.Tv Magnetohydrodynamic waves
47.37.+q Hydrodynamic aspects of superfluidity; quantum fluids (see also 67.40.Hf Hydrodynamics in specific geometries, flow in narrow channels; 67.55.Fa Hydrodynamics; 67.57.De Superflow and hydrodynamics in Quantum fluids and solids; liquid and solid helium)
47.40.-x Compressible flows; shock waves (see also 43.25.Cb Macrosonic propagation, finite amplitude sound; shock waves in acoustics appendix; 52.35.Tc Shock waves and discontinuities in Physics of plasmas and electric discharges; 82.40.Fp Shock wave initiated reactions, high-pressure chemistry in Physical chemistry and chemical physics)
47.40.Dc General subsonic flows
47.40.Hg Transonic flows
47.40.Ki Supersonic and hypersonic flows
47.40.Nm Shock wave interactions and shock effects (for shock wave initiated chemical reactions, see 82.40.Fp)
47.40.Rs Detonation waves
47.45.-n Rarefied gas dynamics
47.45.Ab Kinetic theory of gases
47.45.Dt Free molecular flows
47.45.Gx Slip flows and accommodation
47.50.-d Non-Newtonian fluid flows
47.50.Cd Modeling
47.50.Ef Measurements
47.50.Gj Instabilities
47.51.+a Mixing (see also 64.75.+g Solubility, segregation, and mixing; phase separation in Equations of state, phase equilibria, and phase transitions; 82.60.Lf Thermodynamics of solutions in Physical chemistry and chemical physics; 83.50.Xa Mixing and blending in Rheology)
47.52.+j Chaos in fluid dynamics (see also 05.45.-a Nonlinear dynamics and chaos in Statistical physics, thermodynamics, and nonlinear dynamical systems)
47.53.+n Fractals in fluid dynamics (see also 05.45.Df Fractals in Statistical physics, thermodynamics, and nonlinear dynamical systems)
47.54.-r Pattern selection; pattern formation (see also 82.40.Ck Pattern formation in reactions with diffusion, flow and heat transfer in Physical chemistry and chemical physics; 87.18.Hf Spatiotemporal pattern formation in cellular populations in Biological and medical physics)
47.54.Bd Theoretical aspects
47.54.De Experimental aspects
47.54.Fj Chemical and biological applications
47.54.Jk Materials science applications
47.55.-t Multiphase and stratified flows
47.55.Ca Gas/liquid flows
47.55.D- Drops and bubbles
47.55.db Drop and bubble formation
47.55.dd Bubble dynamics
47.55.df Breakup and coalescence
47.55.dk Surfactant effects
47.55.dm Thermocapillary effects
47.55.dp Cavitation and boiling
47.55.dr Interactions with surfaces
47.55.Hd Stratified flows
... ... Rotational flows, see 47.32.-y
47.55.Iv Core-annular flows
47.55.Kf Particle-laden flows
47.55.Lm Fluidized beds
47.55.N- Interfacial flows
47.55.nb Capillary and thermocapillary flows
47.55.nd Spreading films
47.55.nk Liquid bridges
47.55.nm Curtains/sheets
47.55.np Contact lines
47.55.P- Buoyancy-driven flows; convection
47.55.pb Thermal convection
47.55.pd Multidiffusive convection
47.55.pf Marangoni convection
47.56.+r Flows through porous media
47.57.-s Complex fluids and colloidal systems (see also 82.70.-y Disperse systems; complex fluids in Physical chemistry and chemical physics; 83.80.Hj Suspensions, dispersions, pastes, slurries, colloids; 83.80.Iz Emulsions and foams in Rheology)
47.57.Bc Foams and emulsions
47.57.E- Suspensions
47.57.eb Diffusion and aggregation
47.57.ef Sedimentation and migration
47.57.Gc Granular flow
47.57.J- Colloidal systems
47.57.jb Microemulsions
47.57.jd Electrokinetic effects
47.57.Lj Flows of liquid crystals
47.57.Ng Polymers and polymer solutions
47.57.Qk Rheological aspects
47.60.+i Flows in ducts, channels, nozzles, and conduits (see also 43.28.Py Interaction of fluid motion and sound, Doppler effect and sound in flow ducts and 43.55.Rg Sound transmission through walls and through ducts-in acoustics appendix; 47.15.Rq Laminar flows in cavities, channels, ducts and conduits; 47.27.nd Channel flow; 47.27.nf Flows in pipes and nozzles)
47.61.-k Micro- and nano- scale flow phenomena
47.61.Cb Non-continuum effects
47.61.Fg Flows in micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) and nano-electromechanical systems (NEMS)
47.61.Jd Multiphase flows
47.61.Ne Micromixing
47.63.-b Biological fluid dynamics (see also 87.19.Tt Rheology of body fluids; 87.19.Uv Haemodynamics, pneumodynamics; 87.19.St Movement and locomotion in Biological and medical physics)
47.63.Cb Blood flow in cardiovascular system
47.63.Ec Pulmonary fluid mechanics
47.63.Gd Swimming microorganisms
47.63.Jd Microcirculation and flow through tissues
47.63.M- Biopropulsion in water and air
47.63.mc High-Reynolds-number motions
47.63.mf Low-Reynolds-number motions
47.63.mh Transport processes and drug delivery
47.65.-d Magnetohydrodynamics and electrohydrodynamics (see also 47.35.Tv Magnetohydrodynamic waves; 52.30.Cv Magnetohydrodynamics, and 52.65.Kj Magnetohydrodynamics and fluid equation in Physics of plasmas and electric discharges; 83.80.Gv Electro- and magnetorheological fluids in Rheology)
47.65.Cb Magnetic fluids and ferrofluids
47.65.Gx Electrorheological fluids
47.65.Md Plasma dynamos
47.70.-n Reactive and radiative flows (see also 82.33.Vx Reactions in flames, combustion and explosion; 82.33.Xj Plasma reactions (including flowing afterglow and electric discharges); 82.33.Ya Chemistry of MOCVD and other vapor deposition methods in Physical chemistry and chemical physics; 92.60.Vb Radiative processes, solar radiation in Hydrospheric and atmospheric geophysics)
47.70.Fw Chemically reactive flows (see also 83.80.Jx-in rheology)
47.70.Mc Radiation gas dynamics
47.70.Nd Nonequilibrium gas dynamics
47.70.Pq Flames; combustion
47.75.+f Relativistic fluid dynamics (see also 52.27.Ny Relativistic plasmas in Physics of plasmas and electric discharges; 98.80.Jk Mathematical and relativistic aspects of cosmology in Stellar systems; interstellar medium; galactic and extragalactic objects and systems; the Universe)
47.80.-v Instrumentation and measurement methods in fluid dynamics
47.80.Cb Velocity measurements
47.80.Fg Pressure and temperature measurements
47.80.Jk Flow visualization and imaging
47.85.-g Applied fluid mechanics
47.85.Dh Hydrodynamics, hydraulics, hydrostatics
47.85.Gj Aerodynamics
47.85.Kn Hydraulic and pneumatic machinery
47.85.L- Flow control
47.85.lb Drag reduction
47.85.ld Boundary layer control
47.85.lf Flow noise reduction
47.85.lk Mixing enhancement
47.85.M- Material processing flows; industrial applications
47.85.mb Coating flows
47.85.md Polymer processing flows
47.85.mf Lubrication flows
47.85.Np Fluidics
... ... Atmospheric circulation, see 92.60.Bh
... ... Atmospheric boundary layer processes, see 92.60.Fm
... ... Atmospheric turbulence, see 92.60.hk
... ... Storms, see 92.60.Qx
... ... Hydrodynamics of the oceans, see 92.10.-c
... ... Mantle convection, see 91.45.Fj
... ... Lava and magma rheology, see 83.80.Nb, 91.40.Hw, and 91.40.Jk
... ... Groundwater flow, see 92.40.Kf
... ... Role of fluids in structural geology, see 91.55.Tt
... ... Flows in streams and rivers, see 92.40.Qk; see also 92.40.qh and 92.40.qp in geophysics appendix
... ... Geothermal fluids, see 91.40.Ge
47.90.+a Other topics in fluid dynamics (restricted to new topics in section 47)
50.00.00 PHYSICS OF GASES, PLASMAS, AND ELECTRIC DISCHARGES
51.00.00 Physics of gases
51.10.+y Kinetic and transport theory of gases (see also 05.20.Dd Kinetic theory in classical statistical mechanics)
51.20.+d Viscosity, diffusion, and thermal conductivity
51.30.+i Thermodynamic properties, equations of state (see also 05.70.Ce Thermodynamic functions and equations of state in thermodynamics)
51.35.+a Mechanical properties; compressibility
51.40.+p Acoustical properties (see also 43.28.-g Aeroacoustics and atmospheric sound in acoustics appendix; for ultrasonic relaxation in gases, see 43.35.Fj-in acoustics appendix)
51.50.+v Electrical properties (ionization, breakdown, electron and ion mobility, etc.) (see also 52.80.-s Electric discharges in physics of plasmas)
51.60.+a Magnetic properties
51.70.+f Optical and dielectric properties
... ... Sorption, see 68.43.-h in surfaces and interfaces, thin films and low-dimensional structures
... ... Gas sensors and detectors, see 07.07.Df
51.90.+r Other topics in the physics of gases (restricted to new topics in section 51)
52.00.00 Physics of plasmas and electric discharges (for space plasma physics, see 94.05.-a; for astrophysical plasmas, see 95.30.Qd; for physics of the ionosphere and magnetosphere, see 94.20.-y and 94.30.-d respectively)
52.20.-j Elementary processes in plasmas
52.20.Dq Particle orbits
52.20.Fs Electron collisions
52.20.Hv Atomic, molecular, ion, and heavy-particle collisions
52.25.-b Plasma properties (for chemical reactions in plasma, see 82.33.Xj)
52.25.Dg Plasma kinetic equations
52.25.Fi Transport properties
52.25.Gj Fluctuation and chaos phenomena (for plasma turbulence, see 52.35.Ra; see also 05.45.-a Nonlinear dynamics and chaos)
52.25.Jm Ionization of plasmas
52.25.Kn Thermodynamics of plasmas
52.25.Mq Dielectric properties
52.25.Os Emission, absorption, and scattering of electromagnetic radiation
52.25.Tx Emission, absorption, and scattering of particles
52.25.Vy Impurities in plasmas
52.25.Xz Magnetized plasmas
52.25.Ya Neutrals in plasmas
52.27.-h Basic studies of specific kinds of plasmas
52.27.Aj Single-component, electron-positive-ion plasmas
52.27.Cm Multicomponent and negative-ion plasmas
52.27.Ep Electron-positron plasmas
52.27.Gr Strongly-coupled plasmas
52.27.Jt Nonneutral plasmas
52.27.Lw Dusty or complex plasmas; plasma crystals
52.27.Ny Relativistic plasmas
52.30.-q Plasma dynamics and flow
52.30.Cv Magnetohydrodynamics (including electron magnetohydrodynamics) (see also 47.65.-d Magnetohydrodynamics and electrohydrodynamics in fluid dynamics; for MHD generators, see 52.75.Fk; see also 95.30.Qd Magnetohydrodynamics and plasmas in astrophysics)
52.30.Ex Two-fluid and multi-fluid plasmas
52.30.Gz Gyrokinetics
52.35.-g Waves, oscillations, and instabilities in plasmas and intense beams (see also 94.20.wf Plasma waves and instabilities in physics of the ionosphere; 94.30.cq MHD waves, plasma waves, and instabilities in physics of the magnetosphere; 96.50.Tf MHD waves, plasma waves, turbulence in interplanetary physics)
52.35.Bj Magnetohydrodynamic waves (e.g., Alfven waves)
52.35.Dm Sound waves
52.35.Fp Electrostatic waves and oscillations (e.g., ion-acoustic waves)
52.35.Hr Electromagnetic waves (e.g., electron-cyclotron, Whistler, Bernstein, upper hybrid, lower hybrid)
52.35.Kt Drift waves
52.35.Lv Other linear waves
52.35.Mw Nonlinear phenomena: waves, wave propagation, and other interactions (including parametric effects, mode coupling, ponderomotive effects, etc.)
52.35.Py Macroinstabilities (hydromagnetic, e.g., kink, fire-hose, mirror, ballooning, tearing, trapped-particle, flute, Rayleigh-Taylor, etc.)
52.35.Qz Microinstabilities (ion-acoustic, two-stream, loss-cone, beam-plasma, drift, ion- or electron-cyclotron, etc.)
52.35.Ra Plasma turbulence
52.35.Sb Solitons; BGK modes
52.35.Tc Shock waves and discontinuities
52.35.Vd Magnetic reconnection (see also 94.30.cp in physics of the magnetosphere)
52.35.We Plasma vorticity
52.38.-r Laser-plasma interactions (for plasma production and heating by laser beams, see 52.50.Jm)
52.38.Bv Rayleigh scattering; stimulated Brillouin and Raman scattering
52.38.Dx Laser light absorption in plasmas (collisional, parametric, etc.)
52.38.Fz Laser-induced magnetic fields in plasmas
52.38.Hb Self-focussing, channeling, and filamentation in plasmas
52.38.Kd Laser-plasma acceleration of electrons and ions (see also 41.75.Jv Laser-driven acceleration in electromagnetism; electron and ion optics)
52.38.Mf Laser ablation (see also 79.20.Ds, Laser-beam impact phenomena)
52.38.Ph X-ray, gamma-ray, and particle generation
52.40.-w Plasma interactions (nonlaser)
52.40.Db Electromagnetic (nonlaser) radiation interactions with plasma (for electromagnetic wave propagation in the ionosphere and magnetosphere, see 94.20.Bb and 94.30.Tz respectively)
52.40.Fd Plasma interactions with antennas; plasma-filled waveguides
52.40.Hf Plasma-material interactions; boundary layer effects
52.40.Kh Plasma sheaths (see also 94.30.cj Magnetosheath)
52.40.Mj Particle beam interactions in plasmas
52.50.-b Plasma production and heating (see also 52.80.-s Electric discharges)
52.50.Dg Plasma sources
52.50.Gj Plasma heating by particle beams
52.50.Jm Plasma production and heating by laser beams (laser-foil, laser-cluster, etc.)
52.50.Lp Plasma production and heating by shock waves and compression
52.50.Nr Plasma heating by DC fields; ohmic heating, arcs
52.50.Qt Plasma heating by radio-frequency fields; ICR, ICP, helicons
52.50.Sw Plasma heating by microwaves; ECR, LH, collisional heating
52.55.-s Magnetic confinement and equilibrium (see also 28.52.-s Fusion reactors)
52.55.Dy General theory and basic studies of plasma lifetime, particle and heat loss, energy balance, field structure, etc.
52.55.Ez Theta pinch
52.55.Fa Tokamaks, spherical tokamaks
52.55.Hc Stellarators, torsatrons, heliacs, bumpy tori, and other toroidal confinement devices
52.55.Ip Spheromaks
52.55.Jd Magnetic mirrors, gas dynamic traps
52.55.Lf Field-reversed configurations, rotamaks, astrons, ion rings, magnetized target fusion, and cusps
52.55.Pi Fusion products effects (e.g., alpha-particles, etc.), fast particle effects
52.55.Rk Power exhaust; divertors
52.55.Tn Ideal and resistive MHD modes; kinetic modes
52.55.Wq Current drive; helicity injection
52.57.-z Laser inertial confinement
52.57.Bc Target design and fabrication
52.57.Fg Implosion symmetry and hydrodynamic instability (Rayleigh-Taylor, Richtmyer-Meshkov, imprint, etc.)
52.57.Kk Fast ignition of compressed fusion fuels
52.58.-c Other confinement methods
52.58.Ei Light-ion inertial confinement
52.58.Hm Heavy-ion inertial confinement
52.58.Lq Z-pinches, plasma focus, and other pinch devices
52.58.Qv Electrostatic and high-frequency confinement
52.59.-f Intense particle beams and radiation sources (see also 29.25.-t and 29.27.-a in instrumentation for particle and nuclear physics)
52.59.Bi Grid- and ion-diode-accelerated beams
52.59.Dk Magneto-plasma accelerated plasmas
52.59.Fn Multistage accelerated heavy-ion beams
52.59.Hq Dense plasma focus
52.59.Mv High-voltage diodes (for high-current and high-voltage technology, see 84.70.+p)
52.59.Px Hard X-ray sources
52.59.Qy Wire array Z-pinches
52.59.Rz Free-electron devices (for free-electron lasers, see 41.60.Cr)
52.59.Sa Space-charge-dominated beams
52.59.Tb Moderate-intensity beams
52.59.Wd Emittance-dominated beams
52.59.Ye Plasma devices for generation of coherent radiation
52.65.-y Plasma simulation
52.65.Cc Particle orbit and trajectory
52.65.Ff Fokker-Planck and Vlasov equation
52.65.Kj Magnetohydrodynamic and fluid equation
52.65.Pp Monte Carlo methods
52.65.Rr Particle-in-cell method
52.65.Tt Gyrofluid and gyrokinetic simulations
52.65.Vv Perturbative methods
52.65.Ww Hybrid methods
52.65.Yy Molecular dynamics methods
52.70.-m Plasma diagnostic techniques and instrumentation
52.70.Ds Electric and magnetic measurements
52.70.Gw Radio-frequency and microwave measurements
52.70.Kz Optical (ultraviolet, visible, infrared) measurements
52.70.La X-ray and gamma-ray measurements
52.70.Nc Particle measurements
52.72.+v Laboratory studies of space- and astrophysical-plasma processes (see also 94.05.Rx in space plasma physics)
52.75.-d Plasma devices (for ion sources, see 29.25.Lg, Ni; for plasma sources, see 52.50.Dg)
52.75.Di Ion and plasma propulsion
52.75.Fk Magnetohydrodynamic generators and thermionic convertors; plasma diodes (see also 84.60.Lw, Ny in direct-energy conversion and storage)
52.75.Hn Plasma torches
52.75.Kq Plasma switches (e.g., spark gaps)
52.75.Xx Thermionic and filament-based sources (e.g., Q machines, double- and triple-plasma devices, etc.)
52.77.-j Plasma applications
52.77.Bn Etching and cleaning (see also 81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching, patterning in surface treatments)
52.77.Dq Plasma-based ion implantation and deposition (see also 81.15.Jj Ion and electron beam-assisted deposition)
52.77.Fv High-pressure, high-current plasmas (plasma spray, arc welding, etc.) (see also 81.15.Rs Spray coating techniques)
... ... Chemical synthesis; combustion synthesis, see 81.20.Ka
52.80.-s Electric discharges (see also 51.50.+v Electrical properties of gases; for plasma reactions including flowing afterglow and electric discharges, see 82.33.Xj in physical chemistry and chemical physics)
52.80.Dy Low-field and Townsend discharges
52.80.Hc Glow; corona
52.80.Mg Arcs; sparks; lightning; atmospheric electricity (see also 92.60.Pw Atmospheric electricity, lightning in meteorology)
52.80.Pi High-frequency and RF discharges
52.80.Qj Explosions; exploding wires
52.80.Sm Magnetoactive discharges (e.g., Penning discharges)
52.80.Tn Other gas discharges
52.80.Vp Discharge in vacuum
52.80.Wq Discharge in liquids and solids (for electric breakdown in liquids, see 77.22.Jp)
52.80.Yr Discharges for spectral sources (including inductively coupled plasma)
52.90.+z Other topics in physics of plasmas and electric discharges (restricted to new topics in section 52)
60.00.00 CONDENSED MATTER: STRUCTURAL, MECHANICAL, AND THERMAL PROPERTIES
61.00.00 Structure of solids and liquids; crystallography (for surface, interface, and thin film structure, see section 68)
61.10.-i X-ray diffraction and scattering (for X-ray diffractometers, see 07.85.Jy; for X-ray studies of crystal defects, see 61.72.Dd, Ff)
61.10.Dp Theories of diffraction and scattering
61.10.Eq X-ray scattering (including small-angle scattering)
61.10.Ht X-ray absorption spectroscopy: EXAFS, NEXAFS, XANES, etc.
61.10.Kw X-ray reflectometry (surfaces, interfaces, films)
61.10.Nz X-ray diffraction
61.12.-q Neutron diffraction and scattering
61.12.Bt Theories of diffraction and scattering
61.12.Ex Neutron scattering (including small-angle scattering)
61.12.Ha Neutron reflectometry
61.12.Ld Neutron diffraction
61.14.-x Electron diffraction and scattering (for electron diffractometers, see 07.78.+s)
61.14.Dc Theories of diffraction and scattering
61.14.Hg Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED)
61.14.Lj Convergent-beam electron diffraction, selected-area electron diffraction, nanodiffraction
61.14.Nm Electron holography
61.14.Qp X-ray photoelectron diffraction
... ... Microscopy of surfaces, interfaces, and thin films, see 68.37.-d
61.18.-j Other methods of structure determination
61.18.Bn Atom, molecule, and ion scattering
61.18.Fs Magnetic resonance techniques; Mossbauer spectroscopy
61.20.-p Structure of liquids
61.20.Gy Theory and models of liquid structure
61.20.Ja Computer simulation of liquid structure
61.20.Lc Time-dependent properties; relaxation (for glass transitions, see 64.70.Pf)
61.20.Ne Structure of simple liquids
61.20.Qg Structure of associated liquids: electrolytes, molten salts, etc.
61.25.-f Studies of specific liquid structures
61.25.Bi Liquid noble gases
61.25.Em Molecular liquids
61.25.Hq Macromolecular and polymer solutions; polymer melts; swelling
61.25.Mv Liquid metals and alloys
61.30.-v Liquid crystals (for phase transitions in liquid crystals, see 64.70.Md; for liquid crystals as dielectric materials, see 77.84.Nh; for liquid crystals as optical materials, see 42.70.Df; for liquid crystal devices, see 42.79.Kt)
61.30.Cz Molecular and microscopic models and theories of liquid crystal structure
61.30.Dk Continuum models and theories of liquid crystal structure
61.30.Eb Experimental determinations of smectic, nematic, cholesteric, and other structures
61.30.Gd Orientational order of liquid crystals; electric and magnetic field effects on order
61.30.Hn Surface phenomena: alignment, anchoring, anchoring transitions, surface-induced layering, surface-induced ordering, wetting, prewetting transitions, and wetting transitions
61.30.Jf Defects in liquid crystals
61.30.Mp Blue phases and other defect-phases
61.30.Pq Microconfined liquid crystals: droplets, cylinders, randomly confined liquid crystals, polymer dispersed liquid crystals, and porous systems
61.30.St Lyotropic phases
61.30.Vx Polymer liquid crystals
61.41.+e Polymers, elastomers, and plastics (see also 81.05.Lg in materials science; for rheology of polymers, see section 83; for polymer reactions and polymerization, see 82.35.-x in physical chemistry and chemical physics)
61.43.-j Disordered solids (see also 81.05.Gc, 81.05.Kf, and 81.05.Rm in materials science; for photoluminescence of disordered solids, see 78.55.Mb and 78.55.Qr)
61.43.Bn Structural modeling: serial-addition models, computer simulation
61.43.Dq Amorphous semiconductors, metals, and alloys
61.43.Er Other amorphous solids
61.43.Fs Glasses
61.43.Gt Powders, porous materials
61.43.Hv Fractals; macroscopic aggregates (including diffusion-limited aggregates)
61.44.-n Semi-periodic solids
61.44.Br Quasicrystals
61.44.Fw Incommensurate crystals
61.46.-w Nanoscale materials (for electronic transport in nanoscale materials, see 73.63.-b)
61.46.Bc Clusters
61.46.Df Nanoparticles
61.46.Fg Nanotubes
61.46.Hk Nanocrystals
61.48.+c Fullerenes and fullerene-related materials (see also 81.05.Tp Fullerenes and related materials in materials science)
61.50.-f Crystalline state
61.50.Ah Theory of crystal structure, crystal symmetry; calculations and modeling
... ... Crystal growth, see 81.10.-h
61.50.Ks Crystallographic aspects of phase transformations; pressure effects (see also 81.30.Hd in materials science)
61.50.Lt Crystal binding; cohesive energy
61.50.Nw Crystal stoichiometry
61.66.-f Structure of specific crystalline solids (for surface structure, see 68.35.Bs)
61.66.Bi Elemental solids
61.66.Dk Alloys
61.66.Fn Inorganic compounds
61.66.Hq Organic compounds
... ... Quantum crystals, see 67.80.Cx
61.68.+n Crystallographic databases
61.72.-y Defects and impurities in crystals; microstructure (for radiation induced defects, see 61.80.-x; for defects in surfaces, interfaces, and thin films, see 68.35.Dv and 68.55.Ln; see also 85.40.Ry Impurity doping, diffusion, and ion implantation technology)
61.72.Bb Theories and models of crystal defects
61.72.Cc Kinetics of defect formation and annealing
61.72.Dd Experimental determination of defects by diffraction and scattering
61.72.Ff Direct observation of dislocations and other defects (etch pits, decoration, electron microscopy, x-ray topography, etc.)
61.72.Hh Indirect evidence of dislocations and other defects (resistivity, slip, creep, strains, internal friction, EPR, NMR, etc.)
61.72.Ji Point defects (vacancies, interstitials, color centers, etc.) and defect clusters
61.72.Lk Linear defects: dislocations, disclinations
61.72.Mm Grain and twin boundaries
61.72.Nn Stacking faults and other planar or extended defects
61.72.Qq Microscopic defects (voids, inclusions, etc.)
61.72.Ss Impurity concentration, distribution, and gradients (for impurities in thin films, see 68.55.Ln; see also 66.30.Jt Diffusion of impurities)
61.72.Tt Doping and impurity implantation in germanium and silicon
61.72.Vv Doping and impurity implantation in III-V and II-VI semiconductors
61.72.Ww Doping and impurity implantation in other materials
61.72.Yx Interaction between different crystal defects; gettering effect
61.80.-x Physical radiation effects, radiation damage (for photochemical reactions, see 82.50.-m)
... ... Radiation treatments, see 81.40.Wx
61.80.Az Theory and models of radiation effects
61.80.Ba Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation effects (including laser radiation)
61.80.Cb X-ray effects
61.80.Ed gamma-ray effects
61.80.Fe Electron and positron radiation effects
61.80.Hg Neutron radiation effects
61.80.Jh Ion radiation effects (for ion implantation, see 61.72.Tt, Vv, Ww)
61.80.Lj Atom and molecule irradiation effects
... ... Channeling, blocking, and energy loss of particles, see 61.85.+p
61.82.-d Radiation effects on specific materials
61.82.Bg Metals and alloys
61.82.Fk Semiconductors
61.82.Ms Insulators
61.82.Pv Polymers, organic compounds
61.82.Rx Nanocrystalline materials
61.85.+p Channeling phenomena (blocking, energy loss, etc.)
61.90.+d Other topics in structure of solids and liquids; crystallography (restricted to new topics in section 61)
62.00.00 Mechanical and acoustical properties of condensed matter (for nonlinear acoustics of solids, see 43.25.Dc-in acoustics appendix; for mechanical and acoustical properties of interfaces and thin films, see 68.35.Gy, 68.35.Iv, and 68.60.Bs; for mechanical properties related to treatment conditions, see 81.40.Jj, Lm, Np-in material science; for mechanical and acoustical properties of superconductors, see 74.25.Ld; for mechanical and acoustical properties of rocks and minerals, see 91.60.Ba, Dc, and Lj)
62.10.+s Mechanical properties of liquids (for viscosity of liquids, see 66.20.+d)
62.20.-x Mechanical properties of solids
62.20.Dc Elasticity, elastic constants
62.20.Fe Deformation and plasticity (including yield, ductility, and superplasticity) (see also 83.50.-v Deformation and flow in rheology)
62.20.Hg Creep
62.20.Mk Fatigue, brittleness, fracture, and cracks
62.20.Qp Tribology and hardness (see also 46.55.+d Tribology and mechanical contacts in continuum mechanics of solids)
62.25.+g Mechanical properties of nanoscale materials
62.30.+d Mechanical and elastic waves; vibrations (see also 43.40.+s Structural acoustics and vibration; 46.40.-f Vibrations and mechanical waves in continuum mechanics of solids)
62.40.+i Anelasticity, internal friction, stress relaxation, and mechanical resonances (see also 81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity in materials science)
... ... Thermomechanical effects, see 65.40.De
... ... Magnetomechanical effects, see 75.80.+q
... ... Piezoelectric effects, see 77.65.-j
... ... Elastooptical effects, see 78.20.Hp
62.50.+p High-pressure and shock wave effects in solids and liquids (for high pressure apparatus and techniques, see 07.35.+k; for shock wave initiated high-pressure chemistry, see 82.40.Fp; for high-pressure behavior of rocks and minerals, see 91.60.Gf; see also 47.40.Nm Shock wave interactions and shock effects in fluid dynamics)
62.60.+v Acoustical properties of liquids (see also 43.35.+d in acoustics)
... ... Lattice dynamics, phonons, see section 63
... ... Sound waves in fluid dynamics, see 47.35.Rs
... ... Second sound in quantum fluids, see 67.40.Pm
62.65.+k Acoustical properties of solids
... ... Magnetoacoustic effects, see 72.55.+s and 73.50.Rb
... ... Acoustoelectric effects, see 72.50.+b, 73.50.Rb, and 77.65.Dq
... ... Acoustooptical effects, see 78.20.Hp
62.80.+f Ultrasonic relaxation (see also 43.35.Fj Ultrasonic relaxation processes in liquids and solids-in acoustics appendix; for ultrasonic attenuation in superconductors, see 74.25.Ld)
62.90.+k Other topics in mechanical and acoustical properties of condensed matter (restricted to new topics in section 62)
63.00.00 Lattice dynamics (see also 78.30.-j Infrared and Raman spectra; for surface and interface vibrations, see 68.35.Ja; for adsorbate vibrations, see 68.43.Pq)
63.10.+a General theory
63.20.-e Phonons in crystal lattices (for phonons in superconductors, see 74.25.Kc; see also 43.35.Gk Phonons in crystal lattice, quantum acoustics-in acoustics appendix)
63.20.Dj Phonon states and bands, normal modes, and phonon dispersion
63.20.Kr Phonon-electron and phonon-phonon interactions
63.20.Ls Phonon interactions with other quasiparticles
63.20.Mt Phonon-defect interactions
63.20.Pw Localized modes
63.20.Ry Anharmonic lattice modes
63.22.+m Phonons or vibrational states in low-dimensional structures and nanoscale materials
63.50.+x Vibrational states in disordered systems
63.70.+h Statistical mechanics of lattice vibrations and displacive phase transitions
63.90.+t Other topics in lattice dynamics (restricted to new topics in section 63)
64.00.00 Equations of state, phase equilibria, and phase transitions (see also 82.60.-s Chemical thermodynamics)
64.10.+h General theory of equations of state and phase equilibria (see also 05.70.Ce Thermodynamic functions and equations of state in thermodynamics)
64.30.+t Equations of state of specific substances
64.60.-i General studies of phase transitions (see also 63.70.+h Statistical mechanics of lattice vibrations and displacive phase transitions; for critical phenomena in solid surfaces and interfaces, and in magnetism, see 68.35.Rh, and 75.40.-s, respectively)
64.60.Ak Renormalization-group, fractal, and percolation studies of phase transitions (see also 61.43.Hv Fractals; macroscopic aggregates)
64.60.Cn Order-disorder transformations; statistical mechanics of model systems
64.60.Fr Equilibrium properties near critical points, critical exponents
64.60.Ht Dynamic critical phenomena
64.60.Kw Multicritical points
64.60.My Metastable phases
64.60.Qb Nucleation (see also 82.60.Nh Thermodynamics of nucleation in physical chemistry and chemical physics)
64.70.-p Specific phase transitions
64.70.Dv Solid-liquid transitions
64.70.Fx Liquid-vapor transitions
64.70.Hz Solid-vapor transitions
64.70.Ja Liquid-liquid transitions
64.70.Kb Solid-solid transitions (see also 61.50.Ks Crystallographic aspects of phase transformations; pressure effects; 75.30.Kz and 77.80.Bh for magnetic and ferroelectric transitions, respectively; for material science aspects, see 81.30.-t)
64.70.Md Transitions in liquid crystals
64.70.Nd Structural transitions in nanoscale materials
64.70.Pf Glass transitions
64.70.Rh Commensurate-incommensurate transitions
64.75.+g Solubility, segregation, and mixing; phase separation (see also 82.60.Lf Thermodynamics of solutions; 47.51.+a Mixing in fluid dynamics)
64.90.+b Other topics in equations of state, phase equilibria, and phase transitions (restricted to new topics in section 64)
65.00.00 Thermal properties of condensed matter (see also section 44 Heat transfer; for thermodynamic properties of quantum fluids and solids, see section 67; for thermal properties of thin films, see 68.60.Dv; for nonelectronic thermal conduction, see 66.60.+a and 66.70.+f; for thermal properties of rocks and minerals, see 91.60.Ki; for thermodynamic properties of superconductors, see 74.25.Bt)
65.20.+w Thermal properties of liquids: heat capacity, thermal expansion, etc.
65.40.-b Thermal properties of crystalline solids (for specific heat of superconductors, see 74.25.Bt; for specific heat of magnetic systems, see 75.40.Cx)
65.40.Ba Heat capacity
65.40.De Thermal expansion; thermomechanical effects
65.40.Gr Entropy and other thermodynamical quantities
65.60.+a Thermal properties of amorphous solids and glasses: heat capacity, thermal expansion, etc.
65.80.+n Thermal properties of small particles, nanocrystals, and nanotubes (see also 82.60.Qr Thermodynamics of nanoparticles in physical chemistry and chemical physics)
65.90.+i Other topics in thermal properties of condensed matter (restricted to new topics in section 65)
66.00.00 Transport properties of condensed matter (nonelectronic)
66.10.-x Diffusion and ionic conduction in liquids
66.10.Cb Diffusion and thermal diffusion (for osmosis in biological systems, see 82.39.Wj in physical chemistry)
66.10.Ed Ionic conduction
66.20.+d Viscosity of liquids; diffusive momentum transport
66.30.-h Diffusion in solids (for surface and interface diffusion, see 68.35.Fx)
66.30.Dn Theory of diffusion and ionic conduction in solids
66.30.Fq Self-diffusion in metals, semimetals, and alloys
66.30.Hs Self-diffusion and ionic conduction in nonmetals
66.30.Jt Diffusion of impurities
66.30.Lw Diffusion of other defects
66.30.Ny Chemical interdiffusion; diffusion barriers
66.30.Pa Diffusion in nanoscale solids
66.30.Qa Electromigration
66.30.Xj Thermal diffusivity
66.35.+a Quantum tunneling of defects
66.60.+a Thermal conduction in nonmetallic liquids (for thermal conduction in liquid metals, see 72.15.Cz)
66.70.+f Nonelectronic thermal conduction and heat-pulse propagation in solids; thermal waves (for thermal conduction in metals and alloys, see 72.15.Cz and 72.15.Eb)
66.90.+r Other topics in nonelectronic transport properties of condensed matter (restricted to new topics in section 66)
67.00.00 Quantum fluids and solids; liquid and solid helium (see also 05.30.-d Quantum statistical mechanics; for cryogenics, refrigerators, low-temperature detectors, and other low temperature equipment, see 07.20.Mc; see also 47.37.+q Hydrodynamic aspects of superfluidity; quantum fluids - in fluid dynamics)
67.20.+k Quantum effects on the structure and dynamics of nondegenerate fluids (e.g., normal phase liquid 4He)
67.40.-w Boson degeneracy and superfluidity of 4He
67.40.Bz Phenomenology and two-fluid models
67.40.Db Quantum statistical theory; ground state, elementary excitations
67.40.Fd Dynamics of relaxation phenomena
67.40.Hf Hydrodynamics in specific geometries, flow in narrow channels
67.40.Jg Ions in liquid 4He
67.40.Kh Thermodynamic properties
67.40.Mj First sound
67.40.Pm Transport processes, second and other sounds, and thermal counterflow; Kapitza resistance
67.40.Rp Films and weak link transport
67.40.Vs Vortices and turbulence
67.40.Yv Impurities and other defects
67.55.-s Normal phase of liquid 3He
67.55.Cx Thermodynamic properties
67.55.Fa Hydrodynamics
67.55.Hc Transport properties
67.55.Ig Ions in normal liquid 3He
67.55.Jd Collective modes
67.55.Lf Impurities
67.57.-z Superfluid phase of liquid 3He
67.57.Bc Thermodynamic properties
67.57.De Superflow and hydrodynamics
67.57.Fg Textures and vortices
67.57.Gh Ions in superfluid 3He
67.57.Hi Transport properties
67.57.Jj Collective modes
67.57.Lm Spin dynamics
67.57.Np Behavior near interfaces
67.57.Pq Impurities
67.60.-g Mixed systems; liquid 3He, 4He mixtures
67.60.Dm HeI-3He
67.60.Fp HeII-3He
67.60.Hr Dilute superfluid 3He in He II
67.60.Js Ions in liquid 3He-4He mixtures
67.65.+z Spin-polarized hydrogen and helium
67.70.+n Films (including physical adsorption)
67.80.-s Solid helium and related quantum crystals
67.80.Cx Structure, lattice dynamics, and sound propagation
67.80.Gb Thermal properties
67.80.Jd Magnetic properties and nuclear magnetic resonance
67.80.Mg Defects, impurities, and diffusion
67.90.+z Other topics in quantum fluids and solids; liquid and solid helium (restricted to new topics in section 67)
68.00.00 Surfaces and interfaces; thin films and low-dimensional systems (structure and nonelectronic properties) (for surface and interface chemistry, see 82.65.+r, for surface magnetism, see 75.70.Rf)
68.03.-g Gas-liquid and vacuum-liquid interfaces
68.03.Cd Surface tension and related phenomena
68.03.Fg Evaporation and condensation
68.03.Hj Structure: measurements and simulations
68.03.Kn Dynamics (capillary waves)
68.05.-n Liquid-liquid interfaces
68.05.Cf Structure: measurements and simulations
68.05.Gh Interfacial properties of microemulsions
68.08.-p Liquid-solid interfaces
68.08.Bc Wetting
68.08.De Structure: measurements and simulations
... ... Crystal growth, biomineralization, see 81.10.Dn, Fq
68.15.+e Liquid thin films
68.18.-g Langmuir-Blodgett films on liquids (for L-B films on solids, see 68.47.Pe)
68.18.Fg Structure: measurements and simulations
68.18.Jk Phase transitions
68.35.-p Solid surfaces and solid-solid interfaces: Structure and energetics
68.35.Af Atomic scale friction
68.35.Bs Structure of clean surfaces (reconstruction)
68.35.Ct Interface structure and roughness
68.35.Dv Composition, segregation; defects and impurities
68.35.Fx Diffusion; interface formation (see also 66.30.-h Diffusion in solids, for diffusion of adsorbates, see 68.43.Jk)
68.35.Gy Mechanical properties; surface strains
68.35.Iv Acoustical properties
68.35.Ja Surface and interface dynamics and vibrations
... ... Solid-solid interfaces: transport and optical properties, see 73.40.-c and 78.20.-e respectively
68.35.Md Surface thermodynamics, surface energies (see also 05.70.Np Interface and surface thermodynamics in statistical physics, thermodynamics and nonlinear dynamical systems)
68.35.Np Adhesion (for polymer adhesion, see 82.35.Gh)
68.35.Rh Phase transitions and critical phenomena
68.37.-d Microscopy of surfaces, interfaces, and thin films
68.37.Ef Scanning tunneling microscopy (including chemistry induced with STM)
68.37.Hk Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (including EBIC)
68.37.Lp Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (including STEM, HRTEM, etc.)
68.37.Nq Low energy electron microscopy (LEEM)
68.37.Ps Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
68.37.Rt Magnetic force microscopy (MFM)
68.37.Tj Acoustic force microscopy
68.37.Uv Near-field scanning microscopy and spectroscopy
68.37.Vj Field emission and field-ion microscopy
68.37.Xy Scanning Auger microscopy, photoelectron microscopy
68.37.Yz X-ray microscopy
68.43.-h Chemisorption/physisorption: adsorbates on surfaces
68.43.Bc Ab initio calculations of adsorbate structure and reactions (for electronic structure of adsorbates, see 73.20.Hb; for adsorbate reactions, see also 82.65.+r Surface and interface chemistry; heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces)
68.43.De Statistical mechanics of adsorbates
68.43.Fg Adsorbate structure (binding sites, geometry)
68.43.Hn Structure of assemblies of adsorbates (two- and three-dimensional clustering)
68.43.Jk Diffusion of adsorbates, kinetics of coarsening and aggregation
68.43.Mn Adsorption/desorption kinetics
68.43.Pq Adsorbate vibrations
68.43.Rs Electron stimulated desorption
68.43.Tj Photon stimulated desorption
68.43.Vx Thermal desorption
68.47.-b Solid-gas/vacuum interfaces: types of surfaces
68.47.De Metallic surfaces
68.47.Fg Semiconductor surfaces
68.47.Gh Oxide surfaces
68.47.Jn Clusters on oxide surfaces
68.47.Mn Polymer surfaces
68.47.Pe Langmuir-Blodgett films on solids; polymers on surfaces; biological molecules on surfaces
68.49.-h Surface characterization by particle-surface scattering (see also 34.50.Dy Interactions of atoms and molecules with surfaces; photon and electron emission; neutralization of ions in atomic and molecular collision processes and interactions)
68.49.Bc Atom scattering from surfaces (diffraction and energy transfer)
68.49.Df Molecule scattering from surfaces (energy transfer, resonances, trapping)
68.49.Fg Cluster scattering from surfaces
68.49.Jk Electron scattering from surfaces
68.49.Sf Ion scattering from surfaces (charge transfer, sputtering, SIMS)
68.49.Uv X-ray standing waves
... ... Surface and interface electron states, see 73.20.-r
... ... Electronic structure of adsorbates, see 73.20.Hb
... ... Vibrational spectroscopy (IR, Raman, ATR), see 78.30.-j
... ... Electron spectroscopy (EELS, Auger, metastable quenching spectroscopy) see 79.20.-m
... ... Photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS and UPS), see 79.60.-i
... ... Nonlinear spectroscopy (second harmonic, sum frequency generation, etc.), see 42.65.Ky
... ... Electron diffraction (LEED, RHEED), see 61.14.-x
... ... Surface enhanced spectroscopy, plasmons, see 73.20.Mf
... ... Near-field scanning microscopy and spectroscopy, see 68.37.Uv
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology (for methods of thin film deposition, film growth and epitaxy, see 81.15.-z)
68.55.Ac Nucleation and growth: microscopic aspects
68.55.Jk Structure and morphology; thickness; crystalline orientation and texture
68.55.Ln Defects and impurities: doping, implantation, distribution, concentration, etc. (for diffusion of impurities, see 66.30.Jt)
68.55.Nq Composition and phase identification
68.60.-p Physical properties of thin films, nonelectronic
68.60.Bs Mechanical and acoustical properties
68.60.Dv Thermal stability; thermal effects
68.60.Wm Other nonelectronic physical properties
68.65.-k Low-dimensional, mesoscopic, and nanoscale systems: structure and nonelectronic properties (for structure of nanoscale materials, see 61.46.-w; for magnetic properties of interfaces, see 75.70.Cn; for superconducting properties, see 74.78.-w; for optical properties, see 78.67.-n; for transport properties, see 73.63.-b)
... ... Growth of low-dimensional structures, see 81.16.-c
68.65.Ac Multilayers
68.65.Cd Superlattices
68.65.Fg Quantum wells
68.65.Hb Quantum dots
68.65.La Quantum wires
68.70.+w Whiskers and dendrites (growth, structure, and nonelectronic properties)
68.90.+g Other topics in structure, and nonelectronic properties of surfaces and interfaces; thin films and low-dimensional structures (restricted to new topics in section 68)
70.00.00 CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES
71.00.00 Electronic structure of bulk materials (see section 73 for electronic structure of surfaces, interfaces, low-dimensional structures, and nanomaterials; for electronic structure of superconductors, see 74.25.Jb)
71.10.-w Theories and models of many-electron systems
71.10.Ay Fermi-liquid theory and other phenomenological models
71.10.Ca Electron gas, Fermi gas
71.10.Fd Lattice fermion models (Hubbard model, etc.)
71.10.Hf Non-Fermi-liquid ground states, electron phase diagrams and phase transitions in model systems
71.10.Li Excited states and pairing interactions in model systems
71.10.Pm Fermions in reduced dimensions (anyons, composite fermions, Luttinger liquid, etc.) (for anyon mechanism in superconductors, see 74.20.Mn)
71.15.-m Methods of electronic structure calculations (see also 31.15.-p Calculations and mathematical techniques in atomic and molecular physics)
71.15.Ap Basis sets (LCAO, plane-wave, APW, etc.) and related methodology (scattering methods, ASA, linearized methods, etc.)
71.15.Dx Computational methodology (Brillouin zone sampling, iterative diagonalization, pseudopotential construction)
71.15.Mb Density functional theory, local density approximation, gradient and other corrections
71.15.Nc Total energy and cohesive energy calculations
71.15.Pd Molecular dynamics calculations (Car-Parrinello) and other numerical simulations
71.15.Qe Excited states: methodology (see also 71.10.Li Excited states and pairing interactions in model systems)
71.15.Rf Relativistic effects
71.18.+y Fermi surface: calculations and measurements; effective mass, g factor
71.20.-b Electron density of states and band structure of crystalline solids
71.20.Be Transition metals and alloys
71.20.Dg Alkali and alkaline earth metals
71.20.Eh Rare earth metals and alloys
71.20.Gj Other metals and alloys
71.20.Lp Intermetallic compounds
71.20.Mq Elemental semiconductors
71.20.Nr Semiconductor compounds
71.20.Ps Other inorganic compounds
71.20.Rv Polymers and organic compounds
71.20.Tx Fullerenes and related materials; intercalation compounds
... ... Photonic band-gap materials, see 42.70.Qs
71.22.+i Electronic structure of liquid metals and semiconductors and their alloys
71.23.-k Electronic structure of disordered solids
71.23.An Theories and models; localized states
71.23.Cq Amorphous semiconductors, metallic glasses, glasses
71.23.Ft Quasicrystals
71.27.+a Strongly correlated electron systems; heavy fermions
71.28.+d Narrow-band systems; intermediate-valence solids (for magnetic aspects, see 75.20.Hr and 75.30.Mb in magnetic properties and materials)
71.30.+h Metal-insulator transitions and other electronic transitions
71.35.-y Excitons and related phenomena
71.35.Aa Frenkel excitons and self-trapped excitons
71.35.Cc Intrinsic properties of excitons; optical absorption spectra
71.35.Ee Electron-hole drops and electron-hole plasma
71.35.Gg Exciton-mediated interactions
71.35.Ji Excitons in magnetic fields; magnetoexcitons
71.35.Lk Collective effects (Bose effects, phase space filling, and excitonic phase transitions)
71.35.Pq Charged excitons (trions)
71.36.+c Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions)
71.38.-k Polarons and electron-phonon interactions (see also 63.20.Kr Phonon-electron interactions in lattices)
71.38.Cn Mass renormalization in metals
71.38.Fp Large or Frohlich polarons
71.38.Ht Self-trapped or small polarons
71.38.Mx Bipolarons
71.45.-d Collective effects
71.45.Gm Exchange, correlation, dielectric and magnetic response functions, plasmons
71.45.Lr Charge-density-wave systems (see also 75.30.Fv Spin-density waves)
71.55.-i Impurity and defect levels
71.55.Ak Metals, semimetals, and alloys
71.55.Cn Elemental semiconductors
71.55.Eq III-V semiconductors
71.55.Gs II-VI semiconductors
71.55.Ht Other nonmetals
71.55.Jv Disordered structures; amorphous and glassy solids
71.60.+z Positron states (for positron annihilation, see 78.70.Bj)
71.70.-d Level splitting and interactions (see also 73.20.-r Surface and interface electron states; 75.30.Et Exchange and superexchange interactions)
71.70.Ch Crystal and ligand fields
71.70.Di Landau levels
71.70.Ej Spin-orbit coupling, Zeeman and Stark splitting, Jahn-Teller effect
71.70.Fk Strain-induced splitting
71.70.Gm Exchange interactions
71.70.Jp Nuclear states and interactions
71.90.+q Other topics in electronic structure (restricted to new topics in section 71)
72.00.00 Electronic transport in condensed matter (for electronic transport in surfaces, interfaces, and thin films, see section 73; for electrical properties related to treatment conditions, see 81.40.Rs; for transport properties of superconductors, see 74.25.Fy)
72.10.-d Theory of electronic transport; scattering mechanisms
72.10.Bg General formulation of transport theory
72.10.Di Scattering by phonons, magnons, and other nonlocalized excitations (see also 71.45.-d Collective effects in electronic structure of bulk materials)
72.10.Fk Scattering by point defects, dislocations, surfaces, and other imperfections (including Kondo effect)
72.15.-v Electronic conduction in metals and alloys
72.15.Cz Electrical and thermal conduction in amorphous and liquid metals and alloys
72.15.Eb Electrical and thermal conduction in crystalline metals and alloys
72.15.Gd Galvanomagnetic and other magnetotransport effects (see also 75.47.-m Magnetotransport phenomena; materials for magnetotransport)
72.15.Jf Thermoelectric and thermomagnetic effects
72.15.Lh Relaxation times and mean free paths
72.15.Nj Collective modes (e.g., in one-dimensional conductors)
72.15.Qm Scattering mechanisms and Kondo effect (see also 75.20.Hr Local moments in compounds and alloys; Kondo effect, valence fluctuations, heavy fermions in magnetic properties and materials)
72.15.Rn Localization effects (Anderson or weak localization)
72.20.-i Conductivity phenomena in semiconductors and insulators (see also 66.70.+f Nonelectronic thermal conduction in solids)
72.20.Dp General theory, scattering mechanisms
72.20.Ee Mobility edges; hopping transport
72.20.Fr Low-field transport and mobility; piezoresistance
72.20.Ht High-field and nonlinear effects
72.20.Jv Charge carriers: generation, recombination, lifetime, and trapping
72.20.My Galv