80. INTERDISCIPLINARY PHYSICS AND RELATED AREAS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
81. Materials science
81.05.-t Specific materials: fabrication, treatment, testing, and analysis
... ... ...Superconducting materials, see 74.70.-b and 74.72.-h
... ... ...Magnetic materials, see 75.50.-y
... ... ...Optical materials, see 42.70.-a
... ... ...Dielectric, piezoelectric, and ferroelectric materials, see 77.84.-s
... ... ...Colloids, gels, and emulsions, see 82.70.Dd, Gg, Kj, respectively
... ... ...Biological materials, see 87.14.-g
... ... ...Molecular sieves, zeolites, and other complex materials, see 82.75.-z
81.05.Bx Metals, semimetals, and alloys
81.05.Cy Elemental semiconductors (for semiconductors in electrochemistry, see 82.45.Vp)
81.05.Dz II-VI semiconductors
81.05.Ea III-V semiconductors
81.05.Gc Amorphous semiconductors
81.05.Hd Other semiconductors
81.05.Je Ceramics and refractories (including borides, carbides, hydrides, nitrides, oxides, and silicides) (for ceramics in electrochemistry, see 82.45.Yz)
81.05.Kf Glasses (including metallic glasses)
81.05.Lg Polymers and plastics; rubber; synthetic and natural fibers; organometallic and organic materials (for polymers and organic materials in electrochemistry, see 82.45.Wx)
81.05.Mh Cermets, ceramic and refractory composites
81.05.Ni Dispersion-, fiber-, and platelet-reinforced metal-based composites
81.05.Pj Glass-based composites, vitroceramics
81.05.Qk Reinforced polymers and polymer-based composites
81.05.Rm Porous materials; granular materials (for granular superconductors, see 74.81.Bd)
81.05.Tp Fullerenes and related materials
81.05.Uw Carbon, diamond, graphite
81.05.Zx New materials: theory, design, and fabrication
81.07.-b Nanoscale materials and structures: fabrication and characterization (for structure of nanoscale materials, see 61.46.-w; for nanostructured materials in electrochemistry, see 82.45.Yz; for nanoparticles in polymers, see 82.35.Np in physical chemistry and chemical physics)
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
81.07.De Nanotubes
81.07.Lk Nanocontacts
81.07.Nb Molecular nanostructures
81.07.Pr Organic-inorganic hybrid nanostructures
81.07.St Quantum wells
81.07.Ta Quantum dots
81.07.Vb Quantum wires
81.07.Wx Nanopowders
81.10.-h Methods of crystal growth; physics of crystal growth (for crystal structure, see section 61)
81.10.Aj Theory and models of crystal growth; physics of crystal growth, crystal morphology, and orientation
81.10.Bk Growth from vapor
81.10.Dn Growth from solutions
81.10.Fq Growth from melts; zone melting and refining
81.10.Jt Growth from solid phases (including multiphase diffusion and recrystallization)
81.10.Mx Growth in microgravity environments
81.15.-z Methods of deposition of films and coatings; film growth and epitaxy (for structure of thin films, see 68.55.-a; see also 85.40.Sz Deposition technology in microelectronics)
81.15.Aa Theory and models of film growth
81.15.Cd Deposition by sputtering
81.15.Ef Vacuum deposition
81.15.Fg Laser deposition
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, etc.) (for chemistry of MOCVD, see 82.33.Ya in physical chemistry and chemical physics)
81.15.Hi Molecular, atomic, ion, and chemical beam epitaxy
81.15.Jj Ion and electron beam-assisted deposition; ion plating (see also 52.77.Dq Plasma-based ion implantation and deposition in physics of plasmas)
81.15.Kk Vapor phase epitaxy; growth from vapor phase
81.15.Lm Liquid phase epitaxy; deposition from liquid phases (melts, solutions, and surface layers on liquids)
81.15.Np Solid phase epitaxy; growth from solid phases
81.15.Pq Electrodeposition, electroplating
81.15.Rs Spray coating techniques
81.16.-c Methods of nanofabrication and processing (for femtosecond probing of semiconductor nanostructures, see 82.53.Mj in physical chemistry and chemical physics)
81.16.Be Chemical synthesis methods
81.16.Dn Self-assembly
81.16.Fg Supramolecular and biochemical assembly
81.16.Hc Catalytic methods
81.16.Mk Laser-assisted deposition
81.16.Nd Nanolithography
81.16.Pr Nanooxidation (see also 82.37.Np Single molecule reaction kinetics in physical chemistry and chemical physics)
81.16.Rf Nanoscale pattern formation
81.16.Ta Atom manipulation (see also 82.37.Gk STM and AFM manipulation of a single molecule in physical chemistry and chemical physics; 39.25.+k Atom manipulation in atomic and molecular physics)
81.20.-n Methods of materials synthesis and materials processing (for ion implantation and doping, see 61.72.Tt, Vv, and Ww)
... ... ...Crystal growth, see 81.10.-h
... ... ...Film deposition, film growth, and epitaxy, see 81.15.-z
81.20.Ev Powder processing: powder metallurgy, compaction, sintering, mechanical alloying, and granulation
81.20.Fw Sol-gel processing, precipitation
81.20.Hy Forming; molding, extrusion etc.
81.20.Ka Chemical synthesis; combustion synthesis (for electrochemical synthesis, see 82.45.Aa)
... ... ...Chemical vapor deposition, see 81.15.Gh
81.20.Rg Aerosols in materials synthesis and processing
81.20.Vj Joining; welding
81.20.Wk Machining, milling
81.20.Ym Purification
81.30.-t Phase diagrams and microstructures developed by solidification and solid-solid phase transformations (see also 64.70.Kb Solid-solid transitions)
81.30.Bx Phase diagrams of metals and alloys
81.30.Dz Phase diagrams of other materials (for phase diagrams of superconductors, see 74.25.Dw)
81.30.Fb Solidification
81.30.Hd Constant-composition solid-solid phase transformations: polymorphic, massive, and order-disorder
81.30.Kf Martensitic transformations
81.30.Mh Solid-phase precipitation (see also 64.75.+g Solubility, segregation, and mixing; phase separation)
81.40.-z Treatment of materials and its effects on microstructure and properties
81.40.Cd Solid solution hardening, precipitation hardening, and dispersion hardening; aging
81.40.Ef Cold working, work hardening; annealing, post-deformation annealing, quenching, tempering recovery, and crystallization
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations
81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep (see also 83.50.-v Deformation and flow in rheology)
81.40.Np Fatigue, corrosion fatigue, embrittlement, cracking, fracture, and failure
81.40.Pq Friction, lubrication, and wear
81.40.Rs Electrical and magnetic properties (related to treatment conditions)
81.40.Tv Optical and dielectric properties (related to treatment conditions)
81.40.Vw Pressure treatment (see also 62.50.+p High-pressure and shock-wave effects in solids and liquids)
81.40.Wx Radiation treatment (particle and electromagnetic) (see also 61.80.-x Physical radiation effects, radiation damage)
... ... ...Etching, corrosion, oxidation, and other surface treatments, see 81.65.-b
81.65.-b Surface treatments (see also 85.40.-e Microelectronics: LSI, VLSI, ULSI; integrated circuit fabrication technology)
81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching, patterning (see also 52.77.Bn Etching and cleaning in physics of plasmas)
81.65.Kn Corrosion protection (see also 82.45.Bb Corrosion and passivation in electrochemistry)
81.65.Lp Surface hardening: nitridation, carburization, carbonitridation
81.65.Mq Oxidation
81.65.Ps Polishing, grinding, surface finishing
81.65.Rv Passivation (see also 82.45.Bb Corrosion and passivation in electrochemistry)
81.65.Tx Gettering
81.70.-q Methods of materials testing and analysis (for specific chemical analysis methods, see 82.80.-d)
81.70.Bt Mechanical testing, impact tests, static and dynamic loads
81.70.Cv Nondestructive testing: ultrasonic testing, photoacoustic testing
81.70.Ex Nondestructive testing: electromagnetic testing, eddy-current testing
81.70.Fy Nondestructive testing: optical methods
81.70.Ha Testing in microgravity environments
81.70.Jb Chemical composition analysis, chemical depth and dopant profiling
81.70.Pg Thermal analysis, differential thermal analysis (DTA), differential thermogravimetric analysis
81.70.Tx Computed tomography
81.90.+c Other topics in materials science (restricted to new topics in section 81)
82. Physical chemistry and chemical physics
... ... ...Electronic structure theory, see also 33.15.-p in Atomic and molecular physics, section 71 in Condensed matter, and 87.15.Aa in Biological and medical physics
... ... ...Geochemistry, see 91.67.-y
... ... ...Chemistry of the ocean, see 92.20.Cm
... ... ...Chemistry of fresh water, see 92.40.Bc
... ... ...Ion chemistry of the atmosphere, see 92.60.Ls
82.20.-w Chemical kinetics and dynamics
82.20.Bc State selected dynamics and product distribution (see also 34.50.Pi State-to-state scattering analyses in scattering of atoms and molecules)
82.20.Db Transition state theory and statistical theories of rate constants
82.20.Ej Quantum theory of reaction cross section
82.20.Fd Collision theories; trajectory models
82.20.Gk Electronically non-adiabatic reactions
82.20.Hf Product distribution (for state selected dynamics and product distribution, see 82.20.Bc)
82.20.Kh Potential energy surfaces for chemical reactions (for potential energy surfaces for collisions, see 34.20.Mq in atomic and molecular collisions and interactions)
82.20.Ln Semiclassical theory of reactions and/or energy transfer
82.20.Nk Classical theories of reactions and/or energy transfer
82.20.Pm Rate constants, reaction cross sections, and activation energies
82.20.Rp State to state energy transfer (see also 31.70.Hq Time-dependent phenomena, and 34.50.Pi state-to-state scattering analyses-in atomic and molecular physics)
82.20.Sb Correlation function theory of rate constants and its applications
82.20.Tr Kinetic isotope effects including muonium
82.20.Uv Stochastic theories of rate constants
82.20.Wt Computational modeling; simulation
82.20.Xr Quantum effects in rate constants (tunneling, resonances, etc.)
82.20.Yn Solvent effects on reactivity
82.30.-b Specific chemical reactions; reaction mechanisms
82.30.Cf Atom and radical reactions; chain reactions; molecule-molecule reactions
82.30.Fi Ion-molecule, ion-ion, and charge-transfer reactions (see also 34.70.+e Charge transfer in atomic and molecular collisions)
... ... ...Charge transfer in enzymes, see 82.39.Jn
82.30.Gg Positronium chemistry (see also 36.10.Dr Positronium, muonium, muonic atoms and molecules in atomic and molecular physics; 78.70.Bj Positron annihilation in interactions of particles and radiation with matter)
82.30.Hk Chemical exchanges (substitution, atom transfer, abstraction, disproportionation, and group exchange)
82.30.Lp Decomposition reactions (pyrolysis, dissociation, and fragmentation)
82.30.Nr Association, addition, insertion, cluster formation
82.30.Qt Isomerization and rearrangement
82.30.Rs Hydrogen bonding, hydrophilic effects
82.30.Vy Homogeneous catalysis in solution, polymers and zeolites (for heterogeneous catalysis in zeolites, see 82.75.Qt)
... ... ...Enzyme kinetics, see 82.39.Fk
... ... ...Protein folding kinetics, see 87.15.Cc in biological and medical physics
82.33.-z Reactions in various media
82.33.De Reactions in supercritical fluids
82.33.Fg Reactions in clusters (see also 36.40.Jn Reactivity of clusters in atomic and molecular physics)
82.33.Hk Reactions on clusters
82.33.Jx Reactions in zeolites
82.33.Ln Reactions in sol gels, aerogels, porous media
82.33.Nq Reactions in micells
82.33.Pt Solid state chemistry
... ... ...Reactions in complex biological systems, see 82.39.Rt
82.33.Tb Atmospheric chemistry (see also 92.60.H- in geophysics)
82.33.Vx Reactions in flames, combustion, and explosions
82.33.Xj Plasma reactions (including flowing afterglow and electric discharges)
82.33.Ya Chemistry of MOCVD and other vapor deposition methods (for methods of vapor deposition of films and coatings, see 81.15.Gh, Kk in materials science)
82.35.-x Polymers: properties; reactions; polymerization (for polymers in electrochemistry, see 82.45.Wx)
82.35.Cd Conducting polymers
82.35.Ej Nonlinear optics with polymers (see also 42.65.-k in nonlinear optics)
82.35.Gh Polymers on surfaces; adhesion (see also 68.35.Np Adhesion in surfaces and interfaces)
82.35.Jk Copolymers, phase transitions, structure
82.35.Lr Physical properties of polymers
82.35.Np Nanoparticles in polymers (see also 81.07.-b Nanoscale materials and structures: fabrication and characterization)
82.35.Pq Biopolymers, biopolymerization (see also 87.15.Rn Reactions and kinetics; polymerization in biological and medical physics)
82.35.Rs Polyelectrolytes
... ... ...Protein properties, folding, see 87.15.Cc and 87.14.Ee in biological and medical physics
... ... ...Enzymes, see 82.39.Fk and 87.14.Ee
... ... ...DNA/RNA, see 82.39.Pj and 87.14.Gg
82.37.-j Single molecule kinetics
82.37.Gk STM and AFM manipulations of a single molecule (for atom manipulation see 39.25.+k in atomic and molecular physics; see also 81.16.Ta Atom manipulation in methods of nanofabrication and processing)
82.37.Np Single molecule reaction kinetics, dissociation, etc.
82.37.Rs Single molecule manipulation of proteins and other biological molecules
82.37.Vb Single molecule photochemistry
82.39.-k Chemical kinetics in biological systems (see also 87.15.Rn Reactions and kinetics; polymerization in biological and medical physics, and 82.45.Tv Bioelectrochemistry)
82.39.Fk Enzyme kinetics
82.39.Jn Charge (electron, proton) transfer in biological systems
... ... ...Protein folding, see 87.15.Cc in biological and medical physics
82.39.Pj Nucleic acids, DNA and RNA bases
82.39.Rt Reactions in complex biological systems
82.39.Wj Ion exchange, dialysis, osmosis, electro-osmosis, membrane processes
82.40.-g Chemical kinetics and reactions: special regimes and techniques
... ... ...Chemically reactive flows, see 47.70.Fw in fluid dynamics
82.40.Bj Oscillations, chaos, and bifurcations
82.40.Ck Pattern formation in reactions with diffusion, flow and heat transfer (see also 47.54.-r Pattern selection; pattern formation and 47.32.C- Vortex dynamics in fluid dynamics)
82.40.Fp Shock wave initiated reactions, high-pressure chemistry (see also 47.40.Nm Shock wave interactions and shock effects in fluid dynamics, and 62.50.+p High-pressure and shock wave effects in solids and liquids)
82.40.Np Temporal and spatial patterns in surface reactions
82.40.Qt Complex chemical systems (for complex biological systems, see 82.39.Rt)
... ... ...Stochastic theories of chemical kinetics, see 82.20.Uv
82.45.-h Electrochemistry and electrophoresis
82.45.Aa Electrochemical synthesis (see also 81.16.Be Chemical synthesis methods in nanofabrication and 81.20.Ka Chemical synthesis; combustion synthesis in materials synthesis)
82.45.Bb Corrosion and passivation (see also 81.65.Kn Corrosion protection and 81.65.Rv Passivation in surface treatments)
82.45.Cc Anodic films
82.45.Fk Electrodes
82.45.Gj Electrolytes (for polyelectrolytes, see also 82.35.Rs and 82.45.Wx; see also 66.30.Hs Self-diffusion and ionic conduction in nonmetals)
82.45.Hk Electrolysis
82.45.Jn Surface structure, reactivity and catalysis (see also 82.65.+r Surface and interface chemistry; heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces)
82.45.Mp Thin layers, films, monolayers, membranes (for anodic films, see 82.45.Cc; for surface double layers, see 73.30.+y in electronic structure of surfaces)
82.45.Qr Electrodeposition and electrodissolution (see also 81.15.Pq Electrodeposition, electroplating in materials science)
82.45.Rr Electroanalytical chemistry (see also 82.80.Fk Electrochemical methods in chemical analysis and related physical methods of analysis)
82.45.Tv Bioelectrochemistry (see also 82.39.-k Chemical kinetics in biological systems)
82.45.Un Dielectric materials in electrochemistry (see also 77.84.-s Dielectric, piezoelectric, ferroelectric, and antiferroelectric materials)
82.45.Vp Semiconductor materials in electrochemistry (see also 81.05.Cy, Dz, Ea, Gc, Hd in specific materials)
82.45.Wx Polymers and organic materials in electrochemistry (see also 82.35.-x Polymers: properties; reactions; polymerization)
82.45.Xy Ceramics in electrochemistry (see also 81.05.Je, Mh in specific materials)
82.45.Yz Nanostructured materials in electrochemistry (for nanofabrication, see 81.16.-c in materials science)
82.47.-a Applied electrochemistry
82.47.Aa Lithium-ion batteries
82.47.Cb Lead-acid, nickel-metal hydride and other batteries (for lithium-ion batteries, see 82.47.Aa)
82.47.Ed Solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFC)
82.47.Gh Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells
82.47.Jk Photoelectrochemical cells, photoelectrochromic and other hybrid electrochemical energy storage devices (see also 84.60.Jd Photoelectric conversion, solar cells and arrays)
82.47.Lh Molten-carbonate fuel cells (MCFC)
82.47.Nj Polymer-electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC)
82.47.Pm Phosphoric-acid fuel cells (PAFC); other fuel cells
82.47.Rs Electrochemical sensors
82.47.Tp Electrochemical displays
82.47.Uv Electrochemical capacitors; supercapacitors
82.47.Wx Electrochemical engineering
82.50.-m Photochemistry (for single molecule photochemistry, see 82.37.Vb)
... ... ...Optical spectroscopy, see 32.30.-r and 33.20.-t in atomic and molecular physics; 78.30.-j, 78.35.+c, 78.40.-q, and 78.47.+p in condensed matter physics
82.50.Bc Processes caused by infrared radiation
82.50.Hp Processes caused by visible and UV light
82.50.Kx Processes caused by X-rays or gamma-rays
82.50.Nd Control of photochemical reactions
82.50.Pt Multiphoton processes
... ... ...Potential energy surfaces for photochemistry and spectroscopy, see 31.50.Df
... ... ...Surface crossings, non-adiabatic couplings, see 31.50.Gh
82.53.-k Femtochemistry (see also 78.47.+p Time-resolved optical spectroscopies and other ultrafast optical measurements in condensed matter; 42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical generation and pulse compression in nonlinear optics)
82.53.Eb Pump probe studies of photodissociation
82.53.Hn Pump probe experiments with bound states
82.53.Kp Coherent spectroscopy of atoms and molecules
82.53.Mj Femtosecond probing of semiconductor nanostructures (see also 81.16.-c Methods of nanofabrication and processing)
82.53.Ps Femtosecond probing of biological molecules
82.53.St Femtochemistry of adsorbed molecules (for adsorbate structure, see 68.43.Bc, Fg in chemisorption/physisorption: adsorbates on surfaces)
82.53.Uv Femtosecond probes of molecules in liquids
82.53.Xa Femtosecond probes of molecules in solids and of molecular solids
82.56.-b Nuclear magnetic resonance (see also 33.25.+k Nuclear resonance and relaxation in atomic and molecular physics; 76.60.-k Nuclear magnetic resonance and relaxation; 76.70.-r Magnetic double resonances and cross effects in condensed matter)
82.56.Dj High resolution NMR
82.56.Fk Multidemensional NMR
82.56.Hg Multinuclear NMR
82.56.Jn Pulse sequences in NMR
82.56.Lz Diffusion
82.56.Na Relaxation
82.56.Pp NMR of biomolecules
82.56.Ub Structure determination with NMR
... ... ...ENDOR (see 76.70.Dx in condensed matter and 33.40.+f in atomic and molecular physics)
... ... ...NMR imaging, see 76.60.Pc in condensed matter
82.60.-s Chemical thermodynamics
82.60.Cx Enthalpies of combustion, reaction, and formation
82.60.Fa Heat capacities and heats of phase transitions
82.60.Hc Chemical equilibria and equilibrium constants
82.60.Lf Thermodynamics of solutions
82.60.Nh Thermodynamics of nucleation (see also 64.60.Qb Nucleation-in equations of state, phase equilibria and phase transitions)
82.60.Qr Thermodynamics of nanoparticles
... ... ...Irreversible thermodynamics, nonequilibrium thermodynamics, see 05.70.Ln
82.65.+r Surface and interface chemistry; heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces (for temporal and spatial patterns in surface reactions, see 82.40.Np; see also 82.45.Jn Surface structure, reactivity and catalysis in electrochemistry)
... ... ...Chemisorption/physisorption: adsorbates on surfaces, see 68.43.-h
82.70.-y Disperse systems; complex fluids (see also 82.33.-z reactions in various media; for quantum optical phenomena in dispersive media, see 42.50.Nn)
82.70.Dd Colloids
82.70.Gg Gels and sols
82.70.Kj Emulsions and suspensions
82.70.Rr Aerosols and foams
82.70.Uv Surfactants, micellar solutions, vesicles, lamellae, amphiphilic systems, (hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions) (see also 82.30.Rs Hydrogen bonding, hydrophilic effects in specific chemical reactions)
... ... ...Nanoscale materials and structures, see 81.07.-b and 61.46.-w
... ... ...Preparation and assembly of nanostructures, see 81.16.-c
... ... ...Phase transitions of nanostructures, see 64.70.Nd
... ... ...Spectroscopy of nanostructures, see 78.67.-n
82.75.-z Molecular sieves, zeolites, clathrates, and other complex solids
82.75.Fq Synthesis, structure determination, structure modeling
82.75.Jn Measurements and modeling of molecule migration in zeolites
82.75.Mj Measurements and simulation of properties (optical, structural) of molecules in zeolites
82.75.Qt Mechanism and kinetics of catalysis in zeolites (measurements or simulations)
82.75.Vx Clusters in zeolites
82.80.-d Chemical analysis and related physical methods of analysis (for related instrumentation, see section 07; for chemical analysis techniques in biological physics, see 87.64.-t)
82.80.Bg Chromatography
82.80.Dx Analytical methods involving electronic spectroscopy
82.80.Ej X-ray, Mossbauer, and other gamma-ray spectroscopic analysis methods
82.80.Fk Electrochemical methods (see also 82.45.Rr Electroanalytical chemistry; for electrochemical sensors, see 82.47.Rs)
82.80.Gk Analytical methods involving vibrational spectroscopy
82.80.Ha Analytical methods involving rotational spectroscopy
82.80.Jp Activation analysis and other radiochemical methods
82.80.Kq Energy-conversion spectro-analytical methods (e.g., photoacoustic, photothermal, and optogalvanic spectroscopic methods)
82.80.Ms Mass spectrometry (including SIMS, multiphoton ionization and resonance ionization mass spectrometry, MALDI)
82.80.Nj Fourier transform mass spectrometry
82.80.Pv Electron spectroscopy (X-ray photoelectron (XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), etc.)
82.80.Qx Ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
82.80.Rt Time of flight mass spectrometry
82.80.Yc Rutherford backscattering (RBS), and other methods of chemical analysis
82.90.+j Other topics in physical chemistry and chemical physics (restricted to new topics in section 82)
83. Rheology (see also section 47 Fluid dynamics; for rheology of the Earth, see 91.32.-m)
83.10.-y Fundamentals and theoretical
83.10.Bb Kinematics of deformation and flow
... ... ...Non-Newtonian fluid flows, see 47.50.+d
83.10.Ff Continuum mechanics (see also section 46 Continuum mechanics of solids)
83.10.Gr Constitutive relations
83.10.Kn Reptation and tube theories
83.10.Mj Molecular dynamics, Brownian dynamics
83.10.Pp Particle dynamics
83.10.Rs Computer simulation of molecular and particle dynamics
83.10.Tv Structural and phase changes
83.50.-v Deformation and flow
83.50.Ax Steady shear flows, viscometric flow
83.50.Ha Flow in channels (see also 47.60.+i Flows in ducts, channels, nozzles, and conduits in fluid dynamics)
83.50.Jf Extensional flow and combined shear and extension
83.50.Lh Slip boundary effects (interfacial and free surface flows) (see also 47.45.Gx Slip flows and accommodation in fluid dynamics)
83.50.Rp Wall slip and apparent slip
83.50.Uv Material processing (extension, molding, etc.)
83.50.Xa Mixing and blending
83.60.-a Material behavior
83.60.Bc Linear viscoelasticity
83.60.Df Nonlinear viscoelasticity
83.60.Fg Shear rate dependent viscosity
83.60.Hc Normal stress differences and their effects (e.g. rod climbing)
83.60.Jk Extrudate swell
83.60.La Viscoplasticity; yield stress
83.60.Np Effects of electric and magnetic fields
83.60.Pq Time-dependent structure (thixotropy, rheopexy)
83.60.Rs Shear rate-dependent structure (shear thinning and shear thickening)
83.60.St Non-isothermal rheology
83.60.Uv Wave propagation, fracture, and crack healing
83.60.Wc Flow instabilities
83.60.Yz Drag reduction
83.80.-k Material type (see also 82.70.-y Disperse systems; complex fluids and 82.35.-x Polymers: properties; reactions; polymerization in physical chemistry and chemical physics)
83.80.Ab Solids: e.g., composites, glasses, semicrystalline polymers
83.80.Fg Granular solids
83.80.Gv Electro- and magnetorheological fluids
83.80.Hj Suspensions, dispersions, pastes, slurries, colloids
83.80.Iz Emulsions and foams
83.80.Jx Reacting systems: thermosetting polymers, chemorheology, rheokinetics
83.80.Kn Physical gels and microgels
83.80.Lz Physiological materials (e.g. blood, collagen, etc.)
83.80.Mc Other natural materials (e.g. wood and other vegetable materials)
83.80.Nb Geological materials: Earth, magma, ice, rocks, etc.
83.80.Qr Surfactant and micellar systems, associated polymers
83.80.Rs Polymer solutions
83.80.Sg Polymer melts
83.80.Tc Polymer blends
83.80.Uv Block copolymers
83.80.Va Elastomeric polymers
83.80.Wx Filled elastomers
83.80.Xz Liquid crystals: nematic, cholesteric, smectic, discotic, etc.
83.80.Ya Processed food
83.85.-c Techniques and apparatus
83.85.Cg Rheological measurements-rheometry
83.85.Ei Optical methods; rheo-optics
83.85.Fg NMR/magnetic resonance imaging (see also 76.60.Pc NMR imaging in condensed matter)
83.85.Hf X-ray and neutron scattering
83.85.Jn Viscosity measurements
83.85.Lq Normal stress difference measurements
83.85.Ns Data analysis (interconversion of data computation of relaxation and retardation spectra; time-temperature superposition, etc.)
... ... ...Computational fluid dynamics, see 47.11.-j
83.85.Rx Extensional flow measurement
83.85.St Stress relaxation
83.85.Tz Creep and/or creep recoil
83.85.Vb Small amplitude oscillatory shear (dynamic mechanical analysis)
83.90.+s Other topics in rheology (restricted to new topics in section 83)
84. Electronics; radiowave and microwave technology; direct energy conversion and storage
84.30.-r Electronic circuits (for integrated circuits, see 85.40.-e, for microwave circuits, see 84.40.Dc)
84.30.Bv Circuit theory
84.30.Jc Power electronics; power supply circuits (see also 84.70.+p High-current and high-voltage technology; for superconducting high-power technology, see 84.71.-b)
84.30.Le Amplifiers
84.30.Ng Oscillators, pulse generators, and function generators
84.30.Qi Modulators and demodulators; discriminators, comparators, mixers, limiters, and compressors
84.30.Sk Pulse and digital circuits
84.30.Vn Filters
84.32.-y Passive circuit components (see also 07.50.+q Electrical and electronic components, instruments, and techniques)
84.32.Dd Connectors, relays, and switches
84.32.Ff Conductors, resistors (including thermistors, varistors, and photoresistors)
84.32.Hh Inductors and coils; wiring
84.32.Tt Capacitors (for electrochemical capacitors and supercapacitors, see 82.47.Uv)
84.32.Vv Fuses
84.35.+i Neural networks (for optical neural networks, see 42.79.Ta; see also 07.05.Mh Neural networks, fuzzy logic, artificial intelligence in computers in experimental physics; 87.18.Sn in multicellular phenomena)
84.37.+q Measurements in electric variables (including voltage, current, resistance, capacitance, inductance, impedance, and admittance, etc.)
84.40.-x Radiowave and microwave (including millimeter wave) technology
... ... ...Microwave, submillimeter wave, and radiowave receivers and detectors, see 07.57.Kp
... ... ...Microwave and radiowave spectrometers, see 07.57.Pt
... ... ...Electromagnetic wave propagation, see 41.20.Jb
84.40.Az Waveguides, transmission lines, striplines
84.40.Ba Antennas: theory, components and accessories (for plasma interactions with antennas, see 52.40.Fd in plasma physics)
84.40.Dc Microwave circuits
84.40.Fe Microwave tubes (e.g., klystrons, magnetrons, traveling-wave, backward-wave tubes, etc.)
84.40.Ik Masers; gyrotrons (cyclotron-resonance masers)
84.40.Lj Microwave integrated electronics
84.40.Ua Telecommunications: signal transmission and processing; communication satellites (for optical communications, see 42.79.Sz in optics)
84.40.Xb Telemetry: remote control, remote sensing; radar
84.47.+w Vacuum tubes (see also 85.45.-w Vacuum microelectronics)
... ... ...Phototubes, see 85.60.Ha
... ... ...Microwave tubes, see 84.40.Fe
84.50.+d Electric motors
84.60.-h Direct energy conversion and storage (see also 89.30.-g Energy resources; for electrochemical conversion, see 82.47.-a; for Ocean energy extraction, see 92.05.Jn in oceanography)
84.60.Bk Performance characteristics of energy conversion systems; figure of merit
84.60.Jt Photoelectric conversion: solar cells and arrays (for solar collectors and concentrators, see 42.79.Ek in optics)
84.60.Lw Magnetohydrodynamic conversion (for MHD generators, see 52.75.Fk-in plasma physics)
84.60.Ny Thermionic conversion (for thermionic generators, see 52.75.Fk-in plasma physics)
84.60.Rb Thermoelectric, electrogasdynamic and other direct energy conversion
84.60.Ve Energy storage systems, including capacitor banks
84.70.+p High-current and high-voltage technology: power systems; power transmission lines and cables (for superconducting cables, see 84.71.Fk)
84.71.-b Superconducting high-power technology (see also 84.30.Jc Power electronics; power supply circuits)
84.71.Ba Superconducting magnets; magnetic levitation devices
84.71.Fk Superconducting cables
84.71.Mn Superconducting wires, fibers, and tapes
84.90.+a Other topics in electronics, radiowave and microwave technology, and direct energy conversion and storage (restricted to new topics in section 84)
85. Electronic and magnetic devices; microelectronics
... ... ...Vacuum tubes, see 84.47.+w
... ... ...Microwave tubes, see 84.40.Fe
... ... ...Phototubes, see 85.60.Ha
... ... ...Conductors, resistors, and inductors, see 84.32.Ff, Hh
85.25.-j Superconducting devices
85.25.Am Superconducting device characterization, design, and modeling
85.25.Cp Josephson devices
85.25.Dq Superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs)
85.25.Hv Superconducting logic elements and memory devices; microelectronic circuits
85.25.Oj Superconducting optical, X-ray, and gamma-ray detectors (SIS, NIS, transition edge)
85.25.Pb Superconducting infrared, submillimeter and millimeter wave detectors
... ... ...High power superconducting devices, see 84.71.-b
85.25.Qc Superconducting surface acoustic wave devices and other superconducting devices
85.30.-z Semiconductor devices (for photodiodes, phototransistors, and photoresistors, see 85.60.Dw; for laser diodes, see 42.55.Px)
85.30.De Semiconductor-device characterization, design, and modeling
85.30.Fg Bulk semiconductor and conductivity oscillation devices (including Hall effect devices, space-charge-limited devices, and Gunn effect devices)
85.30.Hi Surface barrier, boundary, and point contact devices
85.30.Kk Junction diodes
85.30.Mn Junction breakdown and tunneling devices (including resonance tunneling devices)
85.30.Pq Bipolar transistors
85.30.Rs Thyristors
85.30.Tv Field effect devices
85.35.-p Nanoelectronic devices
85.35.Be Quantum well devices (quantum dots, quantum wires, etc.)
85.35.Ds Quantum interference devices
85.35.Gv Single electron devices
85.35.Kt Nanotube devices
85.40.-e Microelectronics: LSI, VLSI, ULSI; integrated circuit fabrication technology (see also 85.45.-w Vacuum microelectronics)
... ... ...Microwave integrated electronics, see 84.40.Lj
... ... ...Integrated optics, see 42.82.-m
... ... ...Superconducting logic elements and memory devices; microelectronic circuits, see 85.25.Hv
85.40.Bh Computer-aided design of microcircuits; layout and modeling
85.40.Hp Lithography, masks and pattern transfer
... ... ...Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices, see 85.85.+j
85.40.Ls Metallization, contacts, interconnects; device isolation
85.40.Qx Microcircuit quality, noise, performance, and failure analysis
85.40.Ry Impurity doping, diffusion and ion implantation technology
85.40.Sz Deposition technology (for plasma applications in deposition technology, see 52.77.Dq)
... ... ...Bipolar integrated circuits, see 85.30.Pq
... ... ...Field effect integrated circuits, see 85.30.Tv
85.40.Xx Hybrid microelectronics; thick films
85.45.-w Vacuum microelectronics
... ... ...Microwave vacuum microelectronic devices, see 84.40.-x
85.45.Bz Vacuum microelectronic device characterization, design, and modeling
85.45.Db Field emitters and arrays, cold electron emitters
85.45.Fd Field emission displays (FEDs)
... ... ...Capacitors, see 84.32.Tt
85.50.-n Dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric devices
85.50.Gk Non-volatile ferroelectric memories
85.60.-q Optoelectronic devices (see also 42.79.-e Optical elements, devices and systems)
85.60.Bt Optoelectronic device characterization, design, and modeling
85.60.Dw Photodiodes; phototransistors; photoresistors
85.60.Gz Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors) (for superconducting infrared detectors, see 85.25.Pb; for superconducting optical, X-ray and gamma-ray detectors, see 85.25.Oj; see also 07.57.Kp in instruments)
85.60.Ha Photomultipliers; phototubes and photocathodes
85.60.Jb Light-emitting devices
85.60.Pg Display systems (for field emission display, see 85.45.Fd, for optical display devices, see 42.79.Kr; for electrochemical displays, see 82.47.Tp; see also 07.07.Hj Display and recording equipment, oscilloscopes, TV cameras, etc.)
85.65.+h Molecular electronic devices
85.70.-w Magnetic devices
... ... ...Molecular magnets, see 75.50.Xx
... ... ...Magnets, see 07.55.Db
... ... ...Superconducting magnets and magnetic levitation devices, see 84.71.Ba
... ... ...Beam bending magnets, see 41.85.Lc
85.70.Ay Magnetic device characterization, design, and modeling
85.70.Ec Magnetostrictive, magnetoacoustic, and magnetostatic devices (for magnetostrictive transducers, see 43.38.Ct—in acoustics appendix)
... ... ...Magnetic recording materials, see 75.50.Ss
85.70.Ge Ferrite and garnet devices
85.70.Kh Magnetic thin film devices: magnetic heads (magnetoresistive, inductive, etc.); domain-motion devices, etc.
85.70.Li Other magnetic recording and storage devices (including tapes, disks, and drums)
85.70.Rp Magnetic levitation, propulsion and control devices (for superconducting-magnetic levitation devices, see 84.71.Ba)
85.70.Sq Magnetooptical devices
85.75.-d Magnetoelectronics; spintronics: devices exploiting spin polarized transport or integrated magnetic fields
85.75.Bb Magnetic memory using giant magnetoresistance
85.75.Dd Magnetic memory using magnetic tunnel junctions
85.75.Ff Reprogrammable magnetic logic
85.75.Hh Spin polarized field effect transistors
85.75.Mm Spin polarized resonant tunnel junctions
85.75.Nn Hybrid Hall devices
85.75.Ss Magnetic field sensors using spin polarized transport
85.80.-b Thermoelectromagnetic and other devices (for acoustoelectric devices, see 43.38.-p—in acoustics appendix; for electrochemical devices, see 82.47.-a)
85.80.Fi Thermoelectric devices
85.80.Jm Magnetoelectric devices
85.80.Lp Magnetothermal devices
85.85.+j Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices
85.90.+h Other topics in electronic and magnetic devices and microelectronics (restricted to new topics in section 85)
87. Biological and medical physics
... ... ...Biogeosciences, see 91.62.+g
... ... ...Biology of the ocean, see 92.20.Jt
87.10.+e General theory and mathematical aspects
87.14.-g Biomolecules: types
87.14.Cc Lipids
87.14.Ee Proteins
87.14.Gg DNA, RNA
87.15.-v Biomolecules: structure and physical properties
87.15.Aa Theory and modeling; computer simulation
87.15.By Structure and bonding
87.15.Cc Folding and sequence analysis
87.15.He Dynamics and conformational changes
87.15.Kg Molecular interactions; membrane-protein interactions
87.15.La Mechanical properties
87.15.Mi Spectra, photodissociation, and photoionization; luminescence
87.15.Nn Properties of solutions; aggregation and crystallization of macromolecules
87.15.Rn Reactions and kinetics; polymerization (see also 82.39.-k Chemical kinetics in biological systems and 82.35.Pq Biopolymers, biopolymerization in physical chemistry and chemical physics)
87.15.Tt Electrophoresis (see also 82.45.-h Electrochemistry and electrophoresis)
87.15.Vv Diffusion
87.15.Ya Fluctuations
87.16.-b Subcellular structure and processes
87.16.Ac Theory and modeling; computer simulation
87.16.Dg Membranes, bilayers, and vesicles
87.16.Gj Cell walls
87.16.Ka Filaments, microtubules, their networks, and supramolecular assemblies
87.16.Nn Motor proteins (myosin, kinesin dynein)
87.16.Qp Pseudopods, lamellipods, cilia, and flagella
87.16.Sr Chromosomes, histones
87.16.Tb Organelles
87.16.Uv Active transport processes; ion channels
87.16.Xa Signal transduction
87.16.Yc Regulatory chemical networks
87.17.-d Cellular structure and processes
87.17.Aa Theory and modeling; computer simulation
87.17.Ee Growth and division
87.17.Jj Cell locomotion; chemotaxis and related directed motion
87.17.Nn Morphology of nerve cells
87.18.-h Multicellular phenomena
87.18.Bb Computer simulation
87.18.Ed Aggregation and other collective behavior of motile cells
87.18.Hf Spatiotemporal pattern formation in cellular populations
87.18.La Morphogenesis
87.18.Pj Chemical waves
87.18.Sn Neural networks
87.19.-j Properties of higher organisms
... ... ...Physiological optics, see 42.66.-p
... ... ...Physiological acoustics, see 43.64.+r
... ... ...Psychological acoustics, see 43.66.+y
... ... ...Speech production, see 43.70.+i
... ... ...Speech perception, see 43.71.+m
... ... ...Speech processing and communication systems, see 43.72.+g
87.19.Bb Sensory perceptions
87.19.Dd Information processing in vision and hearing (for Neurophysiology of speech perception, see 43.71.Qr in acoustics appendix; see also 43.72.Qr Auditory synthesis and recognition in acoustics appendix)
87.19.Ff Muscles
87.19.Hh Cardiac dynamics
87.19.Jj Circadian rhythms
87.19.La Neuroscience
87.19.Nn Electrophysiology
87.19.Pp Biothermics
87.19.Rr Mechanical properties of tissues and organs
87.19.St Movement and locomotion
87.19.Tt Rheology of body fluids
87.19.Uv Haemodynamics, pneumodynamics
87.19.Xx Diseases
87.23.-n Ecology and evolution
87.23.Cc Population dynamics and ecological pattern formation
87.23.Ge Dynamics of social systems
87.23.Kg Dynamics of evolution
87.50.-a Effects of radiation and external fields on biomolecules, cells and higher organisms
87.50.Gi Ionizing radiations (ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma-rays, ions, electrons, positrons, neutrons, and mesons, etc.)
87.50.Hj Optical radiation (near ultraviolet, visible, and infrared)
87.50.Jk Radio frequency and microwave radiation (power lines)
87.50.Kk Sound and ultrasound
87.50.Mn Magnetic fields
87.50.Rr Electric fields
87.52.-g Radiation monitoring, control, and safety
87.52.Df Low LET: therapeutic and diagnostic X-rays and electrons
87.52.Ga Low LET: associated neutron shielding and measurement
87.52.Ln High LET
87.52.Px Risk/benefit analysis
87.52.Tr Regulatory issues
87.53.-j Ionizing-radiation therapy physics
87.53.Bn Photon dosimetry: theory and algorithms
87.53.Dq Photon dosimetry: measurements
87.53.Fs Electron and positron dosimetry: theory and algorithms
87.53.Hv Electron and positron dosimetry: measurements
87.53.Jw Brachytherapy
87.53.Kn Conformal radiation treatment
87.53.Ly Stereotactic radiosurgery
87.53.Mr Beam intensity modification: wedges, compensators
87.53.Na Radioimmunotherapy
87.53.Oq Portal imaging in therapy
87.53.Pb Proton, neutron, and heavier particle dosimetry: theory and algorithms
87.53.Qc Proton, neutron, and heavier particle dosimetry: measurements
87.53.Rd Microdosimetry
87.53.St Record and verify systems and applications
87.53.Tf Treatment planning, optimization, tissue response factors, and dose-volume analysis
87.53.Uv Collimation
87.53.Vb Simulation
87.53.Wz Monte Carlo applications
87.53.Xd Quality assurance in radiotherapy
87.54.-n Non-ionizing radiation therapy physics
87.54.Br Thermotherapy (hyperthermia and cryogenic therapy)
87.54.Dt Electrotherapy
87.54.Fj Photodynamic therapy
87.54.Hk Sound and ultrasound therapy/lithotripsy
87.56.-v Radiation therapy equipment
87.56.By Radiation generators
87.56.Da Ancillary equipment
87.56.Fc Quality assurance equipment
87.57.-s Medical imaging: general
87.57.Ce Image quality: contrast, resolution, noise, etc.
87.57.Gg Image reconstruction and registration
87.57.Nk Image analysis
87.57.Ra Computer-aided diagnosis
87.58.-b Nuclear medicine imaging, dosimetry, labeling, metabolic studies
87.58.Ce Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
87.58.Fg Positron emission tomography (PET)
87.58.Ji Radiopharmaceuticals
87.58.Mj Digital imaging
87.58.Pm Scintillation cameras
87.58.Sp Dosimetry
87.58.Vr Quantitative measurements and scanning
87.58.Xs Bone densitometry
87.59.-e X-ray imaging
87.59.Bh X-ray radiography
87.59.Ci Fluoroscopy
87.59.Dj Angiography
87.59.Ek Mammography
87.59.Fm Computed tomography (CT)
87.59.Hp Digital radiography
87.59.Jq Transmission imaging
87.59.Ls Bone densitometry
87.61.-c Magnetic resonance imaging
87.61.Cd Pulse sequences for imaging
87.61.Ff Instrumentation
87.61.Lh Angiography and macroscopic flow estimation
87.61.Pk Clinical imaging studies
87.62.+n Medical imaging equipment
87.63.-d Non-ionizing radiation equipment and techniques
87.63.Df Ultrasonography
87.63.Hg Thermography
87.63.Lk Visible radiation: diaphanography, transillumination, laser imaging
87.63.Pn Electrical impedance tomography (EIT)
87.64.-t Spectroscopic and microscopic techniques in biophysics and medical physics (for spectrometers, see section 07 Instruments, apparatus, and components common to several branches of physics and astronomy)
87.64.Aa Computer simulation
87.64.Bx Electron, neutron and X-ray diffraction and scattering
87.64.Cc Scattering of visible, uv, and infrared radiation
87.64.Dz Scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy
87.64.Ee Electron microscopy
87.64.Fb EXAFS spectroscopy
87.64.Gb X-ray spectroscopy (see also 87.64.Fb EXAFS spectroscopy)
87.64.Hd EPR and NMR spectroscopy
87.64.Je Infrared and Raman spectroscopy
87.64.Lg Electron and photoelectron spectroscopy
87.64.Ni Optical absorption, magnetic circular dichroism, and fluorescence spectroscopy
87.64.Pj Mossbauer spectroscopy
87.64.Rr Light microscopy: bright-field, dark-field, phase contrast, DIC
87.64.Tt Confocal microscopy
87.64.Vv Multiphoton microscopy
87.64.Xx Near-field scanning optical microscopy
87.65.+y Aerospace bio- and medical physics (effects of accelerations, weightlessness, and space environment)
87.66.-a Radiation measurement
87.66.Cd Films: silver bromide based, radiochromic, etc.
87.66.Ff Chemical dosimetry
87.66.Jj Ionization dosimetry
87.66.Na Calorimetric dosimetry
87.66.Pm Solid state detectors
87.66.Sq Thermoluminescence, bioluminescence, etc.
87.66.Uv Magnetic resonance
87.66.Xa Phantoms
87.68.+z Biomaterials and biological interfaces
87.80.-y Biological techniques and instrumentation; biomedical engineering
87.80.Cc Optical trapping
87.80.Fe Micromanipulators
87.80.Jg Patch clamping
87.80.Mj Micromachining
87.80.Pa Morphometry and stereology
87.80.Rb Tissue and cellular engineering and biotechnology
87.80.Tq Biological signal processing and instrumentation
87.80.Vt Dynamical, regulatory, and integrative biology
87.80.Xa Neural engineering
87.83.+a Biomedical applications of nanotechnology
87.90.+y Other topics in biological and medical physics (restricted to new topics in section 87)
89. Other areas of applied and interdisciplinary physics
89.20.-a Interdisciplinary applications of physics
89.20.Bb Industrial and technological research and development
89.20.Dd Military technology and weapons systems; arms control
89.20.Ff Computer science and technology
89.20.Hh World Wide Web, Internet
89.20.Kk Engineering (for electrochemical engineering, see 82.47.Wx)
89.20.Mn Forensic science
89.30.-g Energy resources (see also 84.60.-h Direct energy conversion and storage)
89.30.Aa Fossil fuels
89.30.Cc Solar power
89.30.Ee Hydroelectric, hydrothermal, geothermal and wind power
89.30.Gg Nuclear fission power (for fission reactors, see 28.41.-i and 28.50.-k in nuclear physics)
89.30.Jj Nuclear fusion power (for fusion reactors, see 28.52.-s in nuclear physics)
89.40.-a Transportation
89.40.Bb Land transportation
89.40.Cc Water transportation
89.40.Dd Air transporation
89.60.-k Environmental studies (for ecology, see 87.23.-n in biological and medical physics)
... ... ...Air quality and air pollution, see 92.60.Sz
... ... ...Erosion sedimentation; sediment transport, see 92.40.Gc
... ... ...Water quality, see 92.40.Kc and 92.40.qc in geophysics appendix
89.60.Ec Environmental safety
89.60.Fe Environmental regulations
89.60.Gg Impact of natural and man-made disasters
89.65.-s Social and economic systems
89.65.Cd Demographic studies
89.65.Ef Social organizations; anthropology
89.65.Gh Economics; econophysics, financial markets, business and management
89.65.Lm Urban planning and construction
89.70.+c Information theory and communication theory (for telecommunications, see 84.40.Ua; for optical communications, see 42.79.Sz)
89.75.-k Complex systems
89.75.Da Systems obeying scaling laws
89.75.Fb Structures and organization in complex systems
89.75.Hc Networks and genealogical trees
89.75.Kd Patterns
89.90.+n Other topics in areas of applied and interdisciplinary physics (restricted to new topics in section 89)