Number 143 (Story #4), September 9, 1993 by Phillip F. Schewe and Ben Stein THE STANDARD MODEL (circa 1993) , consisting of quarks and leptons interacting via force- carrying bosons, is not the first theory of everything. Berkeley science historian J.L. Heilbron describes two others. The Napoleonic standard model (circa 1800), based on the work of Coulomb, Laplace, Poisson, Ampere, and others, sought to make physics more like astronomy. According to Heilbron, they especially liked gravity's straightforward dependence on the inverse square of the distance between interacting bodies. The primary ingredients in the Napoleonic model were the electrical fluids (positive and negative), magnetic fluids (north and south), heat fluid (caloric), light, and the newly discovered infrared radiation. This model was done in partly by Fresnel's wave theory of light and Fourier's work on heat. Heilbron's other example, the Victorian standard model (circa 1890), based on the work of Maxwell, Lord Kelvin, Joule, Larmor and others, synthesized electricity, magnetism, and light, and pictured heat as being related to the motion of molecules. The Victorians were interested in studying the hypothetical aether continuum, whose mechanical properties could presumably be compared to those of springs, flywheels, and rubber bands. But Victorian thinking, like Napoleonic thinking, collapsed when it outran experimental results. (SLAC Beam Line, Summer 1993.)