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Physics News Update
Number 355, January 20, 1998 by Phillip F. Schewe and Ben Stein

THE UNIVERSE WILL EXPAND FOREVER. This prediction is based on new studies of distant supernovas. Because Type Ia supernovas (supernovas in which material falling onto a white dwarf from a companion object ignites violently) brighten and fade in such a predictable way, their intrinsic brightness (and their distances from Earth) can be determined by carefully watching light emission over time. Combining these distances with the velocities of the host galaxies (determined from redshifts) allows one to calculate the expansion of the universe with some confidence. And the result appears to suggest that the universe does not have enough matter (visible or dark) to halt the current expansion. This view emerged two weeks ago at the meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Washington, where optical data for many new supernovas (including the most distant supernova ever observed, one with a redshift of 0.97) were reported by a group from LBL (led by Saul Perlmutter) and one from Harvard-Smithsonian (Peter Garnavich). The new findings are consistent with an age estimate for the universe of 15 billion years.

THE DURATION OF SONOLUMINESCENCE (SL) PULSES has been determined by researchers at the University of Stuttgart and UCLA. Sonoluminescence is the conversion of sound into light, in which acoustic waves aimed at a water tank create bubbles which collapse to release light flashes lasting less than a billionth of a second. Previously, researchers could only establish an upper limit for the length of SL flashes, but not their actual duration. Recently, researchers at the University of Stuttgart (Bruno Gompf, gompf@pi1.physik.uni-stuttgart.de) adapted a powerful "single-photon-detection" technique to SL and announced the first measurements of SL pulse length, and presented evidence that the length of the pulse is identical in the red and the UV parts of the spectrum (B. Gompf et al., Physical Review Letters, 18 August 1997). Applying the Stuttgart technique, UCLA researchers (Seth Putterman, 310-825-2269) were able to determine that the entire spectrum of colors in an SL flash shines for the same amount of time--from 35-380 picoseconds for mixtures of various gases in the water. (Hiller et al., upcoming article in Physical Review Letters.) This rules out the "adiabatic heating" hypothesis, in which an imploding bubble would first emit red, then add higher-energy colors as it collapsed further and got hotter. It supports a picture in which the collapsing bubble launches a shock wave which heats up the bubble to form a dense, relatively cold plasma. In this scenario, the light would be produced by a process called "thermal Bremsstrahlung," in which the plasma electrons collide with each other, and as they speed up and slow down at different rates they would create light of all different colors.

SINGLE-LAYER CARBON NANOTUBES CAN BE EITHER SEMICONDUCTORS OR METALS, two independent teams have conclusively demonstrated for the first time. The most recently discovered form of pure carbon, carbon nanotubes are rolled-up sheets of carbon hexagons. Shortly after nanotubes were discovered in 1991, theorists predicted that the carbon nanotubes were either metals or semiconductors, depending on the tube diameter and the "helicity," which describes the value of the corkscrew-like angle with which the flat carbon sheets can be wrapped. Using scanning tunneling microscopes (STMs), a Dutch-US team (Cees Dekker, Delft University of Technology, dekker@qt.tn.tudelft.nl ) and a Harvard group (Charles Lieber, cml@cml.iris.harvard.edu) have confirmed this idea, by relating, for the first time, atom-scale images of the nanotubes to STM measurements of the "electron density of states" which describes the relative populations of electrons at various energy levels in the nanotube. One surprising finding: the STM images revealed nanotubes with a wide range of helicities, suggesting that the tubes do not wrap themselves at preferential angles. (Nature, 1 January 1998.)Images at Physics News Graphics website.)