Electronics

Wavelet packet transform basis selection method for set partitioning in hierarchical trees

Ashraf A. Kassim, Niu Yan, and Dornoosh Zonoobi
The dyadic wavelet-based set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) is highly efficient in coding nontextured images while the wavelet packet transform (WPT) is able to provide an optimal representation for textured images. However, incorporating the WPT with SPIHT to improve the performance of ... [J. Electron. Imaging 17, 033007 (2008)] published Fri Jul 18, 2008.

Simulation of amine concentration dependence on line edge roughness after development in electron beam lithography

Akinori Saeki, Takahiro Kozawa, Seiichi Tagawa, Heidi B. Cao, Hai Deng et al.
Line edge roughness (LER) of chemically amplified (CA) resist has evolved as a major class of issues when the required fabrication accuracy of future nanolithography gets close to the limit of materials. Near the material limit, processes have a significant impact on the limit of resist performance. ... [J. Appl. Phys. 104, 024303 (2008)] published Thu Jul 17, 2008.

Enhanced light extraction efficiency in flip-chip GaN light-emitting diodes with diffuse Ag reflector on nanotextured indium-tin oxide

Ja-Yeon Kim, Min-Ki Kwon, Il-Kyu Park, Chu-Young Cho, Seong-Ju Park et al.
We investigated a flip-chip light emitting diode (FCLED) with a diffuse reflector fabricated by depositing a Ag film on a nanotextured indium-tin oxide (ITO) layer. The FCLED with a diffuse Ag reflector showed remarkably good adhesion and high reflectance than that with a specular Ag reflector depos ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 021121 (2008)] published Thu Jul 17, 2008.

Relationship between the molecular orbital structure of the dyes and photocurrent density in the dye-sensitized solar cells

R. Jose, A. Kumar, V. Thavasi, K. Fujihara, S. Uchida et al.
Through a combined experimental and theoretical investigation we have shown that the efficiency of charge injection in dye-sensitized solar cells constituted from dyes having a single carboxylic group is determined by the extent to which the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the dye fall ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 023125 (2008)] published Thu Jul 17, 2008.

Germanium oxynitride (GeO[sub x]N[sub y]) as a back interface passivation layer for Germanium-on-insulator substrates

T. Signamarcheix, F. Allibert, F. Letertre, T. Chevolleau, L. Sanchez et al.
This paper describes the development of a GeON surface passivation of germanium, which is mandatory for microelectronics germanium-on-insulator (GeOI) substrate fabrication. Indeed, germanium surface reactivity in ambient atmosphere requires the development of Ge surface passivation in order to prov ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 022109 (2008)] published Thu Jul 17, 2008.

Long lifetimes in high-efficiency Cu(In,Ga)Se[sub 2] solar cells

Wyatt K. Metzger, Ingrid L. Repins, and Miguel A. Contreras
Time-resolved photoluminescence measurements on polycrystalline Cu(In,Ga)Se (CIGS) thin films corresponding to high-efficiency solar cells indicate recombination lifetimes as long as 250 ns, far exceeding previous measurements for this material. The lifetime decreases by two orders of magnitude whe ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 022110 (2008)] published Thu Jul 17, 2008.

Nonvolatile electrical bistability and operating mechanism of memory devices based on CdSe/ZnS nanoparticle/polymer hybrid composites

Fushan Li, Dong Ick Son, Bong Jun Kim, and Tae Whan Kim
Current-voltage (I-V) measurements on Al/(core/shell-type CdSe/ZnS nanoparticles embedded in polymer/indium tin oxide)/glass devices showed a nonvolatile electrical bistability behavior. Capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements on the devices showed a counterclockwise hysteresis with a flatband voltag ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 021913 (2008)] published Thu Jul 17, 2008.

High field electron dynamics in dilute nitride Ga(AsN)

S. Spasov, G. Allison, A. Patane, L. Eaves, M. Yu. Tretyakov et al.
We investigate the high electric field dynamics of conduction electrons in dilute nitride GaAsN diodes. At low temperature (T<40 K), we show that the trapping of hot electrons at localized states leads to low frequency oscillations (<1 Hz) of the current at high bias. This slow dynamics is replace ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 022111 (2008)] published Thu Jul 17, 2008.

Electroluminescence efficiency enhancement using metal nanoparticles

J. B. Khurgin, G. Sun, and R. A. Soref
We apply the effective mode volume theory to evaluate enhancement of the electroluminescence efficiency of semiconductor emitters placed in the vicinity of isolated metal nanoparticles and their arrays. Using the example of an InGaN/GaN quantum-well active region positioned in close proximity to Ag ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 021120 (2008)] published Thu Jul 17, 2008.

Novel workflow for image-guided gamut mapping

Asaf Golan and Hagit Hel-Or
We introduce a novel workflow that will hopefully open new directions of processing and improvement in image reproduction. Existing gamut mapping algorithms can be classified into two basic categories: image-independent algorithms and image-dependent algorithms. The latter algorithms produce better ... [J. Electron. Imaging 17, 033004 (2008)] published Thu Jul 17, 2008.

Current noise of a superconducting single-electron transistor coupled to a resonator

T. J. Harvey, D. A. Rodrigues, and A. D. Armour
We analyze the current and zero-frequency current noise properties of a superconducting single-electron transistor (SSET) coupled to a resonator, focusing on the regime where the SSET is operated in the vicinity of the Josephson quasiparticle resonance. We consider a range of coupling strengths and ... [Phys. Rev. B 78, 024513 (2008)] published Wed Jul 16, 2008.

Length-dependent conductance and thermopower in single-molecule junctions of dithiolated oligophenylene derivatives: A density functional study

F. Pauly, J. K. Viljas, and J. C. Cuevas
We study theoretically the length dependence of both conductance and thermopower in metal-molecule-metal junctions made up of dithiolated oligophenylenes contacted to gold electrodes. We find that while the conductance decays exponentially with increasing molecular length, the thermopower increases ... [Phys. Rev. B 78, 035315 (2008)] published Wed Jul 16, 2008.

Bright Chromagenic Algorithm for Illuminant Estimation

Clement Fredembach and Graham D. Finlayson
This article proposes a new algorithm for illuminant estimation based on the concept of chromagenic color constancy, where two pictures are taken from each scene: A normal one and one where a colored filter is placed in front of the camera. The basic formulation of the chromagenic algorithm has inhe ... [J. Imaging Sci. Technol. 52, 040906 (2008)] published Wed Jul 16, 2008.

Spectral Encoding/Decoding Using LabRGB

Fumio Nakaya and Noboru Ohta
Spectral encoding/decoding methods using unique base functions and physically meaningful values were explored. Three new methods such as, TrW6 consisting of six unique trigonometric functions, Lab2 consisting of two CIELAB functions, and LabRGB consisting of CIELAB and RGB, were derived and compared ... [J. Imaging Sci. Technol. 52, 040902 (2008)] published Wed Jul 16, 2008.

Analysis of the Flow Characteristics of Two Nonrotating Rotor Blades

R. P. J. O. M. van Rooij
The investigation focuses on the analysis of the airfoil segment performances along rotor blades in the parked configuration. In this research, wind tunnel experiments on two twisted blade geometries with different airfoils played a dominant role. These measurements were carried out by the Swedish A ... [J. Sol. Energy Eng. 130, 031015 (2008)] published Wed Jul 16, 2008.

Fast decoder for H.264 scalable video coding with selective up-sampling for spatial scalable video coding

IlHong Shin, Haechul Choi, Jeong Ju Yoo, and Jin Woo Hong
A simple and effective method is presented for fast decoding of H.264 scalable video coding (SVC). The up-sampling operation in H.264 SVC makes the decoder very complex, because convolution and complex memory transactions are inevitable. The proposed method exploits coded modes of neighboring macrob ... [Opt. Eng. 47, 070502 (2008)] published Wed Jul 16, 2008.

Development of eddy current microscopy for high resolution electrical conductivity imaging using atomic force microscopy

V. Nalladega, S. Sathish, K. V. Jata, and M. P. Blodgett
We present a high resolution electrical conductivity imaging technique based on the principles of eddy current and atomic force microscopy (AFM). An electromagnetic coil is used to generate eddy currents in an electrically conducting material. The eddy currents generated in the conducting sample are ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 073705 (2008)] published Wed Jul 16, 2008.

Plasma evolution and dynamics in high-power vacuum-transmission-line post-hole convolutes

D. V. Rose, D. R. Welch, T. P. Hughes, R. E. Clark, and W. A. Stygar
Vacuum-post-hole convolutes are used in pulsed high-power generators to join several magnetically insulated transmission lines (MITL) in parallel. Such convolutes add the output currents of the MITLs, and deliver the combined current to a single MITL that, in turn, delivers the current to a load. Ma ... [Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 11, 060401 (2008)] published Wed Jul 16, 2008.

Investigation of Anomaly in GaN HEMTs

Hsiang Chen, Phillip Preecha, Zhian Lai, and Guann-Pyng Li
Electron trapping after on-state stress and hole trapping after off-state breakdown stress have been observed by comparing the electroluminescence (EL) images and electrical characteristics in GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). Temperature measurement and two-dimensional device simulati ... [J. Electrochem. Soc. 155, H648 (2008)] published Tue Jul 15, 2008.

High-mobility organic single crystal transistors with submicrometer channels

Takafumi Kawanishi, Takaaki Fujiwara, Megumi Akai-Kasaya, Akira Saito, Masakazu Aono et al.
We demonstrate high-performance electric-field effects in submicrometer-channel organic transistors with rubrene single crystals. Platinum source and drain electrodes are embedded in silicon dioxide gate insulators to reduce thickness of the dielectrics and to minimize the short-channel effect. The ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 023303 (2008)] published Tue Jul 15, 2008.

Rendering a color palette by light-emitting diodes

A. Zukauskas, R. Vaicekauskas, F. Ivanauskas, H. VaitkeviCius, and M. S. Shur
We present a new approach to the optimization of sources of white light based on colored light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and show that a pentachromatic source composed of LEDs with the equidistant peak wavelengths at about 450, 500, 550, 600, and 650 nm renders all 1269 colors of the Munsell palette a ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 021109 (2008)] published Tue Jul 15, 2008.

Transistor laser with emission wavelength at 1544 nm

F. Dixon, M. Feng, N. Holonyak, Jr., Yong Huang, X. B. Zhang et al.
Data are presented demonstrating continuous wave laser operation at 185 degrees C of an InPInAlGaAsInAlAs double heterojunction bipolar transistor with strained InGaAs quantum wells incorporated in the p-type base region. The laser exhibits a peak wavelength lambda~1544 nm when biased in the forw ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 021111 (2008)] published Tue Jul 15, 2008.

Voltage-controlled surface magnetization of itinerant ferromagnet Ni[sub 1 - x]Cu[sub x]

Igor V. Ovchinnikov and Kang L. Wang
We argue that surface magnetization of a metallic ferromagnet can be turned on and off isothermally by an applied voltage. For this, the material's electron subsystem must be close enough to the boundary between paramagnetic and ferromagnetic regions on the electron density scale. For the 3d series, ... [Phys. Rev. B 78, 012405 (2008)] published Tue Jul 15, 2008.

The surface photovoltage of polymethine semiconducting films

M. E. Musser and S. C. Dahlberg
Recent solar cell work on Al/merocyanine/Ag sandwich devices has prompted the examination of the surface photovoltage of thin films (~500 A) of merocyanine and of four other closely related polymethine type dyes deposited on Ag rear contacts. All of these materials exhibited space charge depletion l ... [J. Chem. Phys. 72, 4084 (2008)] published Tue Jul 15, 2008.

Modeling of avalanche multiplication and excess noise factor in In[sub 0.52]Al[sub 0.48]As avalanche photodiodes using a simple Monte Carlo model

S. C. Liew Tat Mun, C. H. Tan, Y. L. Goh, A. R. J. Marshall, and J. P. R. David
A simple Monte Carlo model has been developed to simulate the avalanche multiplication process in InAlAs. The model reproduces avalanche multiplication and excess noise factor measured on a wide range of InAlAs p-n-n, n-n-p, and p-n diodes and confirms that very low excess noise factor can be obtai ... [J. Appl. Phys. 104, 013114 (2008)] published Tue Jul 15, 2008.

A gate dielectric that enables high ambipolar mobilities in polymer light-emitting field-effect transistors

R. C. G. Naber, M. Bird, and H. Sirringhaus
Polymer light-emitting field-effect transistors (LEFETs) require high and balanced electron and hole mobilities to achieve high current densities. Here we demonstrate a novel gate dielectric for polymer LEFETs that enables mobilities of 0.01 cm/V s for both electrons and holes. The low-k dielectri ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 023301 (2008)] published Mon Jul 14, 2008.

High frequency columnar silicon microresonators for mass detection

J. Kehrbusch, E. A. Ilin, M. Hullin, and E. Oesterschulze
A simple but effective technological scheme for the fabrication of high frequency silicon columnar microresonators is presented. With the proposed technique the dimensions of the microresonators are controlled on a scale of at least 1 [mu]m. Characterization of the mechanical properties of silicon ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 023102 (2008)] published Mon Jul 14, 2008.

Minority carrier lifetime in polycrystalline silicon solar cells studied by photoassisted Kelvin probe force microscopy

Masaki Takihara, Takuji Takahashi, and Toru Ujihara
We have proposed a method to evaluate minority carrier lifetime through photovoltage measurements by photoassisted Kelvin probe force microscopy and have applied it to characterize a polycrystalline silicon solar cell. The results indicate that the lifetime significantly decreases in the vicinity of ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 021902 (2008)] published Mon Jul 14, 2008.

Barrier effect on hole transport and carrier distribution in InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well visible light-emitting diodes

J. P. Liu, J.-H. Ryou, R. D. Dupuis, J. Han, G. D. Shen et al.
Carrier distributions governed by hole transport in InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well (MQW) visible light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were investigated using conventional blue LEDs and dual-wavelength blue-green LEDs. It was found that holes were dominantly distributed in the QW close to the p-GaN layer in ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 021102 (2008)] published Mon Jul 14, 2008.

Impact of oxygen incorporation at the Si[sub 3]N[sub 4]/Al[sub 2]O[sub 3] interface on retention characteristics for nonvolatile memory applications

Man Chang, Yongkyu Ju, Joonmyoung Lee, Seungjae Jung, Hyejung Choi et al.
The correlation between properties of the SiN/AlO interface and retention degradation was investigated for metal-alumina-nitride-oxide-silicon-type flash memory devices. The intermixed region near the SiN/AlO interface showed an oxygen deficiency, which was confirmed by the binding energy of Al and ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 022101 (2008)] published Mon Jul 14, 2008.

Theoretical modeling of dark current in quantum dot infrared photodetectors using nonequilibrium Green's functions

M. A. Naser, M. J. Deen, and D. A. Thompson
A theoretical model describing electron dynamics in quantum dot (QD) infrared photodetectors (QDIPs) is presented. The model is based on the nonequilibrium Green's functions formalism which provides a general framework to study electron transport in a nonequilibrium quantum system and in the presenc ... [J. Appl. Phys. 104, 014511 (2008)] published Mon Jul 14, 2008.

Influence of charge balance and exciton distribution on efficiency and lifetime of phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices

Rico Meerheim, Sebastian Scholz, Selina Olthof, Gregor Schwartz, Sebastian Reineke et al.
We discuss the importance of appropriate charge carrier confinement and exciton management for the realization of highly efficient and stable organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). As an example, we choose red p-i-n-type OLEDs based on the iridium-based electrophosphorescent emitter Ir(MDQ)(acac) do ... [J. Appl. Phys. 104, 014510 (2008)] published Mon Jul 14, 2008.

Characterization of out-of-band radiation and plasma parameters in laser-produced Sn plasmas for extreme ultraviolet lithography light sources

S. Namba, S. Fujioka, H. Sakaguchi, H. Nishimura, Y. Yasuda et al.
Out-of-band (OOB) radiation, in contrast to the in-band radiation at 13.5 nm in a 2% bandwidth, emitted from dense tin plasmas generated by a laser was investigated for application as an extreme ultraviolet lithography light source. It was found that the continuum spectrum, which overwhelms the atom ... [J. Appl. Phys. 104, 013305 (2008)] published Mon Jul 14, 2008.

Erratum: The surface photovoltage of polymethine semiconducting films [J. Chem. Phys. [bold 7][bold 2], 4084 (1980)]

M. E. Musser and S. C. Dahlberg
... [J. Chem. Phys. 73, 1481 (2008)] published Mon Jul 14, 2008.

The Adaptation of the Moth Pheromone Receptor Neuron to its Natural Stimulus

Lubomir Kostal, Petr Lansky, and Jean-Pierre Rospars
We analyze the first phase of information transduction in the model of the olfactory receptor neuron of the male moth Antheraea polyphemus. We predict such stimulus characteristics that enable the system to perform optimally, i.e., to transfer as much information as possible. Few a priori constraint ... [AIP Conf. Proc. 1028, 147 (2008)] published Mon Jul 14, 2008.

Dynamical Baryogenesis in Complex Hybrid Inflation

David Delepine, Carlos Martinez, and L. Arturo Urena-Lopez
We propose a hybrid inflation model with a complex waterfall field which contains an interaction term that breaks the U (1) global symmetry associated to the waterfall field charge. We show that the asymmetric evolution of the real and imaginary parts of the complex field during the phase transition ... [AIP Conf. Proc. 1026, 158 (2008)] published Mon Jul 14, 2008.

Characteristics of Phosphor Degradation in AC-Driven Plasma Display Panels

Chang Hoon Ha, Bo Yong Han, Jae Soo Yoo, Hyun Soo Bae, and Ki-Woong Whang
The phosphor degradation characteristics of ac-driven plasma display panels (PDPs) upon vacuum UV (VUV) irradiation and ion bombardment were investigated. For experimental investigation, the specific apparatus was set up so that the intensity of the VUV and ion energy was measured and compared with ... [J. Electrochem. Soc. 155, J230 (2008)] published Fri Jul 11, 2008.

Coupled Modulational Instability of Copropagating Spin Waves in Magnetic Thin Films

Mingzhong Wu and Boris A. Kalinikos
This Letter reports the first results on the coupled modulational instability of copropagating spin waves in a magnetic film. Strong instability was observed for the two waves with either attractive or repulsive nonlinearity. If the two waves have attractive nonlinearity, the instability leads to th ... [Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 027206 (2008)] published Fri Jul 11, 2008.