Dynamic Length-Scale Characterization and Nonequilibrium Statistical Mechanics of Transport in Open-Cell Foams
Tyler R. Brosten, Sarah L. Codd, Robert S. Maier, and Joseph D. Seymour
Nuclear magnetic resonance measurements of scale dependent dynamics in a random solid open-cell foam reveal a characteristic length scale for transport processes in this novel type of porous medium. These measurements and lattice Boltzmann simulations for a model foam structure indicate dynamical be ... [Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 218001 (2009)] published Fri Nov 20, 2009.
Defect Diagnosis for Rolling Element Bearings Using Acoustic Emission
Yongyong He, Xinming Zhang, and Michael I. Friswell
Rolling element bearings are very common components in rotating machinery. Hence, condition monitoring and the detection of defects are very important for the normal and safe running of these machines. Vibration based techniques are well established for the condition monitoring of rolling element be ... [J. Vib. Acoust. 131, 061012 (2009)] published Fri Nov 20, 2009.
Metal-semiconductor transition in epitaxial ZnO thin films
M. Nistor, F. Gherendi, N. B. Mandache, C. Hebert, J. Perriere et al.
We report on the formation and transport properties of ZnO thin films which are grown by pulsed-electron beam deposition under a low residual oxygen pressure (10 mbar). ZnO films presenting metallic conductivity at room temperature, and a metal-semiconductor transition at low temperature, were epit ... [J. Appl. Phys. 106, 103710 (2009)] published Fri Nov 20, 2009.
Evaluation of the Role of Eddy Current in Resistance Spot Welding
M. Abu-Aesh and Moataza Hindy
Extensive work had been conducted on spot-welding due to its rapidly increasing industrial importance. The resistance spot-welding involves complicated phenomena, as several effects are found in the process, e.g., temperature, surface roughness, pressure, and eddy current effects. Most of the work e ... [J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 131, 061007 (2009)] published Fri Nov 20, 2009.
Co-doping Effect of Ca and N on the Structure and Properties of CuAlO Thin Film
Guobo Dong, Ming Zhang, Tingxian Li, and Hui Yan
Ca-doped CuAlO films were prepared by the radio-frequency magnetron sputtering technique. As shown by X-ray diffraction measurements, single-phase hexagonal CuAlCaO is formed for Ca concentrations up to 1.5 atom %. Hall measurements confirm the p-type conduction for all films. The introduction of Ca ... [J. Electrochem. Soc. 157, H127 (2009)] published Thu Nov 19, 2009.
Materials Engineering for Future Interconnects: Catalyst-Free Electroless Cu Deposition on Self-Assembled Monolayer Alternative Barriers
S. Armini and A. Maestre Caro
An alternative bottom-up Cu electroless deposition (ELD) method without other catalyst material activation is the focus of this paper. The process consists of reducing the Cu ions in a solution via standard reducing agents such as dimethylamine borane. The reaction pH and ionic strength values can b ... [J. Electrochem. Soc. 157, D74 (2009)] published Thu Nov 19, 2009.
Key role of the wetting layer in revealing the hidden path of Ge/Si(001) Stranski-Krastanow growth onset
Moritz Brehm, Francesco Montalenti, Martyna Grydlik, Guglielmo Vastola, Herbert Lichtenberger et al.
The commonly accepted Stranski-Krastanow model, according to which island formation occurs on top of a wetting layer (WL) of a certain thickness, predicts for the morphological evolution an increasing island aspect ratio with volume. We report on an apparent violation of this thermodynamic understan ... [Phys. Rev. B 80, 205321 (2009)] published Thu Nov 19, 2009.
Band-gap tunability of a (6,0) BN nanotube bundle under pressure: Ab initio calculations
S. S. Coutinho, V. Lemos, and S. Guerini
Ab initio calculations were performed to study the structural transformation on a boron nitride nanotubes bundle under pressure. Several bundles of boron nitride nanotubes, disposed into a hexagonal arrangement, were studied between which the (6,0) zigzag configuration was chosen to be detailed here ... [Phys. Rev. B 80, 193408 (2009)] published Thu Nov 19, 2009.
Expansion-limited aggregation of nanoclusters in a single-pulse laser-produced plume
E. G. Gamaly, N. R. Madsen, D. Golberg, and A. V. Rode
Formation of carbon nanoclusters in a single-laser-pulse created ablation plume was studied both in vacuum and in a noble gas environment at various pressures. The developed theory provides cluster radius dependence on combination of laser parameters, properties of ablated material, and type and pre ... [Phys. Rev. B 80, 184113 (2009)] published Thu Nov 19, 2009.
Effect of kinetic growth parameters on leakage current and ferroelectric behavior of BiFeO thin films
Vilas Shelke, V. N. Harshan, Sushma Kotru, and Arunava Gupta
Epitaxial BiFeO thin films have been grown on (100)-oriented SrTiO and Nb-doped SrTiO substrates using the pulsed laser deposition technique under identical thermodynamic and variable kinetic conditions. The variation of growth kinetics through laser fluence and pulse repetition rate had minimal eff ... [J. Appl. Phys. 106, 104114 (2009)] published Thu Nov 19, 2009.
Excitation dynamics in polymer-coated semiconductor quantum dots with integrated dye molecules: The role of reabsorption
Tobias Niebling, Feng Zhang, Zulqurnain Ali, Wolfgang J. Parak, and Wolfram Heimbrodt
Inorganic CdSe/ZnS core-shell quantum dots have been coated with amphiphilic polymers in order to enable their transfer to aqueous solutions. Additionally, ATTO-dye molecules have been embedded in the polymer shell. In this geometry ATTO dye acts as acceptor of the quantum dot donors' excitation. Th ... [J. Appl. Phys. 106, 104701 (2009)] published Thu Nov 19, 2009.
Decoupling two-step anodization in anodic aluminum oxide
Kwang Hong Lee and C. C. Wong
It is well known that ordered anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) can be fabricated by a two-step anodization process, but in the current approach, pore size and interpore spacing are coupled because the ordering mechanism is expected to be the same in both steps. Here, we demonstrate that, by using a diffe ... [J. Appl. Phys. 106, 104305 (2009)] published Thu Nov 19, 2009.
Zinc and oxygen vacancies in ZnO nanorods
A. Travlos, N. Boukos, C. Chandrinou, Ho-Sang Kwack, and Le Si Dang
Nominally undoped ZnO nanorods, which have been grown with intentionally incorporated large concentrations of zinc and oxygen vacancies, are studied with electron microscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy at low temperature. Detailed photoluminescence studies reveal that the concentration of the ... [J. Appl. Phys. 106, 104307 (2009)] published Thu Nov 19, 2009.
Conformal Sn Coated TiO Nanotube Arrays and Its Electrochemical Performance for High Rate Lithium-Ion Batteries
Hyun Sik Kim, Soon Hyung Kang, Young Hoon Chung, and Yung-Eun Sung
A nanophase tin (Sn) layer was coated on self-ordered TiO nanotube (TONT) arrays of 400 nm length and 120 nm diameter by using a radio-frequency magnetron sputtering method followed by heat-treatment at low temperature. The morphological and structural characterization of the Sn-coated TONT (Sn/TONT ... [Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 13, A15 (2009)] published Thu Nov 19, 2009.
Formation of GeSbTeTiO Nanostructures for Phase Change Random Access Memory Applications
Dongbok Lee, Sung-Soo Yim, Ho-Ki Lyeo, Min-Ho Kwon, Dongmin Kang et al.
Amorphous GeSbTe clusters with a size of 20 nm, self-enclosed by a thin layer of TiO, were obtained by cosputtering GeSbTe and TiO targets at room temperature with the aim of reducing the reset current for phase change random access memory applications. Eutectic decomposition during the deposition c ... [Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 13, K8 (2009)] published Thu Nov 19, 2009.
Telescopic hot double wall carbon nanotube for nanolithography
A. Popescu and L. M. Woods
A custom double wall carbon nanotube for thermal surface modification is proposed. By studying the heat transfer characteristics in the system, it is demonstrated that such a device is capable of producing high resolution patterns on a sample surface. A constant distance between the double wall carb ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 203507 (2009)] published Thu Nov 19, 2009.
Fabrication of large-area gallium arsenide nanowires using silicon dioxide nanoparticle mask
Ding-Shin Wang, Jiun-Jie Chao, Shih-Che Hung, and Ching-Fuh Lin
Large-area GaAs nanowires are fabricated using SiO nanoparticles as the etching mask. SiO nanoparticle monolayer is spin coated on the GaAs substrate. To obtain a uniform monolayer of SiO nanoparticles across the substrate, raised temperature, adequate solution concentration, and the substrate treat ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 27, 2449 (2009)] published Thu Nov 19, 2009.
Preparation and Electrochemical Performance of Externally Doped Sulfonated Polyaniline/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Composites
Yen-Wen Lin, Hao-Hsiang Chang, Yu-Shan Liu, Ming-Chien Tsai, Yu-Chen Tsai et al.
The externally doped sulfonated polyaniline (ED-SPANI) has emerged as a potential candidate for electrochemical sensors because of its unique electroactive property and water solubility. However, the lower conductivity is the major drawback for the application of ED-SPANI. Thus, this study describes ... [J. Electrochem. Soc. 157, K15 (2009)] published Wed Nov 18, 2009.
Microstructural Effects during Chemical Mechanical Planarization of Copper
Patrick J. Andersen, Mariela N. Bentancur, Amy J. Moll, and Megan Frary
Die-stacking schema using through-wafer interconnects require vias to be filled with electroplated Cu, resulting in thick copper films and requiring an aggressive first-step chemical mechanical planarization (CMP). This work investigates the effects of microstructure on CMP of copper films, which ar ... [J. Electrochem. Soc. 157, H120 (2009)] published Wed Nov 18, 2009.
Nonvolatile memory with CoSiO core-shell nanocrystals as charge storage nodes in floating gate
Hai Liu, Domingo A. Ferrer, Fahmida Ferdousi, and Sanjay K. Banerjee
In this letter, we reported nanocrystal floating gate memory with CoSiO core-shell nanocrystal charge storage nodes. By using a water-in-oil microemulsion scheme, CoSiO core-shell nanocrystals were synthesized and closely packed to achieve high density matrix in the floating gate without aggregation ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 203112 (2009)] published Wed Nov 18, 2009.
Room-Temperature Synthesis of Cobalt Nanoparticles by Electroless Deposition in Aqueous Solution
Mary Donnabelle L. Balela, Shunsuke Yagi, and Eiichiro Matsubara
Metallic Co nanoparticles of 24110 nm diameters are prepared by electroless deposition (chemical reduction) in an aqueous solution at room temperature. The reduction process is monitored by an in situ measurement of a mixed potential. The mixed potential, which is above the redox potential of a Co(I ... [Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 13, D4 (2009)] published Wed Nov 18, 2009.
Highly mismatched crystalline and amorphous GaNAs alloys in the whole composition range
K. M. Yu, S. V. Novikov, R. Broesler, I. N. Demchenko, J. D. Denlinger et al.
Alloying is a commonly accepted method to tailor properties of semiconductor materials for specific applications. Only a limited number of semiconductor alloys can be easily synthesized in the full composition range. Such alloys are, in general, formed of component elements that are well matched in ... [J. Appl. Phys. 106, 103709 (2009)] published Wed Nov 18, 2009.
Selective etching and polymer deposition on InP surface in reactive ion etching with a mixture of methane and hydrogen
Norio Yamamoto
In a reactive ion etching with a mixture of methane and hydrogen, the authors observed selectivity in an etched InP surface or polymeric surface in a wafer, on which SiO mask was patterned into a 2-[mu]m-wide grating, when the hydrogen flow rate was 5 SCCM (SCCM denotes cubic centimeter per minute ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 27, L50 (2009)] published Wed Nov 18, 2009.
Thermodynamically stable nanotips of AuMo alloy
K. Nomura, T. Nagao, B. L. Cho, H. Katsuda, T. Matsumura et al.
The authors propose a simple new method for fabricating stable nanotips using sharpened AuMo alloy tips. By annealing at 10001200 K in UHV, Au atoms segregate to the alloy surface to form a Au film of one physical monolayer thickness, resulting in formation of nanopyramids on the (111) surface. Alt ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 27, 2432 (2009)] published Wed Nov 18, 2009.
Constraints on the phase diagram of nonmolecular CO imposed by infrared spectroscopy
Mario Santoro and Federico A. Gorelli
The investigation of the high-pressure phase diagram of CO, specifically in the nonmolecular forms, is a challenging experimental issue, due to the large metastability of this material. Here we report on the determination of the pressure threshold for forming nonmolecular CO from the molecular cryst ... [Phys. Rev. B 80, 184109 (2009)] published Tue Nov 17, 2009.
Arsenic antisite defects in p-GaAs grown by metal-organic chemical-vapor deposition and the EL2 defect
Nazir A. Naz, Umar S. Qurashi, and M. Zafar Iqbal
Epitaxial layers of p-GaAs grown on p-GaAs substrates by low-pressure metal organic chemical vapor deposition have been investigated using deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). One dominant peak and other relatively small peak, corresponding to deep levels at E+0.55 eV and E+0.96 (low field ene ... [J. Appl. Phys. 106, 103704 (2009)] published Tue Nov 17, 2009.
A quality map of transfer printing
Matthew B. Tucker, D. R. Hines, and Teng Li
Transfer printing is a nanofabrication technique that involves an assembly process by which a printable layer can be transferred from a transfer substrate to a device substrate. Future application of transfer printing toward a roll-to-roll printing process of flexible devices hinges upon the underst ... [J. Appl. Phys. 106, 103504 (2009)] published Tue Nov 17, 2009.
An impedance spectroscopic investigation of the electrical properties of delta-doped diamond structures
Niall Tumilty, Joseph Welch, Richard Lang, Christopher Wort, Richard Balmer et al.
Impedance spectroscopy has been used to investigate the conductivity displayed by diamond doped with boron in an intrinsic-delta-layer-intrinsic multilayer system with differing delta-layer thicknesses. Carrier transport within 5 nm delta-layer structures is complex, being dominated by conduction in ... [J. Appl. Phys. 106, 103707 (2009)] published Tue Nov 17, 2009.
Synthesis and characterization of nanoporous PtNi alloys
Hongqi Li, Amit Misra, Jon K. Baldwin, and S. T. Picraux
Two nanoporous PtNi alloys were synthesized by dealloying ternary amorphous SiPtNi precursors. Both foams have nearly the same composition, ligament diameter size, and density. However, their ligament patterns are different, depending on the microstructure of precursors. The difference in morphology ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 201902 (2009)] published Mon Nov 16, 2009.
Formation of InAs/InGaAsP quantum-dashes on InP(001)
A. Lenz, F. Genz, H. Eisele, L. Ivanova, R. Timm et al.
Self-assembled InAs/InGaAsP/InP(001) nanostructures are investigated using cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy. Atomically resolved images at both the (110) and the ([overline 1]10) cleavage surface show InAs quantum dashes with almost binary composition and a truncated pyramidal shape. Th ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 203105 (2009)] published Mon Nov 16, 2009.
Sol-gel derived ferroelectric nanoparticles investigated by piezoresponse force microscopy
F. Johann, T. Jungk, S. Lisinski, A. Hoffmann, L. Ratke et al.
Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) was used to investigate the ferroelectric properties of sol-gel derived LiNbO nanoparticles. To determine the degree of ferroelectricity we took large-area images and performed statistical image-analysis. The ferroelectric behavior of single nanoparticles was ver ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 202901 (2009)] published Mon Nov 16, 2009.
Fractal growth in organic thin films: Experiments and modeling
Gengxin Zhang, Brandon Weeks, Richard Gee, and Amitesh Maiti
Optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy were used to investigate the solidification process of the organic energetic material pentaerythritol tetranitrate thermally deposited on a silicon surface. The metastable films spontaneously undergo dendrite formation where the measured fractal dimensi ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 204101 (2009)] published Mon Nov 16, 2009.
Fivefold annealing twin in nanocrystalline Cu
P. Huang, G. Q. Dai, F. Wang, K. W. Xu, and Y. H. Li
Fivefold annealing twin has been observed in nanocrystalline Cu at zero external stress. The microstructure of the multifold twins at various annealing temperatures has been examined by transmission electron microscopic in detail. Contrary to the well known sequential twinning mechanism, coherent tw ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 203101 (2009)] published Mon Nov 16, 2009.
Formation of Hexagonal Pyramids and Pits on V-/VI-Polar and III-/II-Polar GaN/ZnO Surfaces by Wet Etching
Seung-Cheol Han, Jae-Kwan Kim, Jun Young Kim, Kyoung-Kook Kim, H. Tampo et al.
The etching characteristics and evolution of the surface morphology of ZnO and GaN thin films during wet chemical etching were investigated. While the ZnO etch rates using acidic solutions were similar, regardless of etchant or polarity, the etch rate of the Ga-polar GaN surface was dependent on the ... [J. Electrochem. Soc. 157, D60 (2009)] published Mon Nov 16, 2009.
Corrosion of Cu under Highly Corrosive Environments
K. Demirkan, G. E. Derkits, Jr., D. A. Fleming, J. P. Franey, K. Hannigan et al.
Cu corrosion in mixed flowing gases (MFG) has been widely studied. However, most of these studies have been carried out using conditions which were designed for accelerated tests simulating North America and Western Europe. More and more equipment are being deployed to emerging markets such as Asia ... [J. Electrochem. Soc. 157, C30 (2009)] published Mon Nov 16, 2009.
In situ x-ray diffraction investigation on early stages of oxidation at 900 degrees C of gamma-TiAl dipped in a phosphoric acid solution
S. Y. Brou, P. O. Renault, C. Huvier, J. L. Grosseau-Poussard, and G. Bonnet
The short term oxidation behavior of gamma-TiAl treated in low-concentration phosphoric acid solution has been investigated at 900 degrees C in air. A pyrophosphate film isomorphous to TiPO is formed during the initial thermal treatment step and is responsible for a subsequent large reduction in th ... [J. Appl. Phys. 106, 103502 (2009)] published Mon Nov 16, 2009.
Flexible indium zinc oxide/Ag/indium zinc oxide multilayer electrode grown on polyethersulfone substrate by cost-efficient roll-to-roll sputtering for flexible organic photovoltaics
Yong-Seok Park and Han-Ki Kim
The authors describe the preparation and characteristics of flexible indium zinc oxide (IZO)-Ag-IZO multilayer electrodes grown on flexible polyethersulfone (PES) substrates using a roll-to-roll sputtering system for use in flexible organic photovoltaics. By the continuous roll-to-roll sputtering of ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 28, 41 (2009)] published Mon Nov 16, 2009.
Microstructure and temperature coefficient of resistance of thin cermet resistor films deposited from CrSiCrSiC targets by S-gun magnetron
Valery V. Felmetsger
Technological solutions for producing nanoscale cermet resistor films with sheet resistances above 1000 Omega/[square, open] and low temperature coefficients of resistance (TCR) have been investigated. 240 nm thick cermet films were sputter deposited from CrSiCrSiC targets by a dual cathode dc S-g ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 28, 33 (2009)] published Mon Nov 16, 2009.
Hyperthermal atomic hydrogen and oxygen etching of vertically oriented graphene sheets
M. Bagge-Hansen, R. A. Outlaw, M. Y. Zhu, H. J. Chen, and D. M. Manos
Carbon nanosheets have previously been shown to be promising high current field emission cathodes for a variety of potential applications. The vertically oriented planar sp carbon nanosheets grown by rf plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition terminate with one to seven graphene sheets and grow to ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 27, 2413 (2009)] published Mon Nov 16, 2009.
Full Tunability of Strain along the fcc-bcc Bain Path in Epitaxial Films and Consequences for Magnetic Properties
J. Buschbeck, I. Opahle, M. Richter, U. K. Rossler, P. Klaer et al.
Strained coherent film growth is commonly either limited to ultrathin films or low strains. Here, we present an approach to achieve high strains in thicker films, by using materials with inherent structural instabilities. As an example, 50 nm thick epitaxial films of the FePd magnetic shape memory a ... [Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 216101 (2009)] published Mon Nov 16, 2009.
Sulfur passivation of InN surface electron accumulation
L. R. Bailey, T. D. Veal, C. E. Kendrick, S. M. Durbin, and C. F. McConville
The effects of treatment with ammonium sulfide ((NH)S) solution on the electronic properties of InN surfaces have been investigated with high resolution x-ray photoemission spectroscopy. The valence band, In 3d, and N 1s x-ray photoemission spectra show that the surface Fermi level decreases by appr ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 192111 (2009)] published Fri Nov 13, 2009.
Electrodeposition of NiP AlloyMultiwalled Carbon Nanotube Composite Films
Yosuke Suzuki, Susumu Arai, and Morinobu Endo
NiP alloymultiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composite films were fabricated by an electrodeposition technique, and their microstructure, hardness, and frictional properties were analyzed. NiP alloyMWCNT composite films containing 2022 atom % P and 0.71.2 mass % MWCNTs were electrodeposited from a c ... [J. Electrochem. Soc. 157, D50 (2009)] published Fri Nov 13, 2009.
Ordering and Disordering of Macropores Formed in Prepatterned p-Type Silicon
Haruaki Okayama, Kazuhiro Fukami, Rodica Plugaru, Tetsuo Sakka, and Yukio H. Ogata
Macropore formation in prepatterned p-type silicon was conducted. Pre-etch pits with 4 x 4 and 1 x 1 [mu]m were prepared before anodization of silicon. Using the prepatterned silicon, the effect of applied current density on the ordering of macropores was investigated. The pattern size and the curr ... [J. Electrochem. Soc. 157, D54 (2009)] published Fri Nov 13, 2009.
Electroless Gold Plating on Aluminum Patterned Chips for CMOS-Based Sensor Applications
Jung Woo Ko, Hyo Chol Koo, Dong Wan Kim, Sung Min Seo, Tae June Kang et al.
We presented an approach for the activation of aluminum (Al) alloy using palladium (Pd) and the subsequent gold (Au) electroless plating (ELP) for complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-based sensor applications. In this study, CMOS process compatible Al patterned chips were used as substrat ... [J. Electrochem. Soc. 157, D46 (2009)] published Fri Nov 13, 2009.
Electrochemical Synthesis of CuIn(Se,S) Layer for Thin-Film Solar Cell with a Superstrate Configuration
Shigeru Ikeda, Ryo Kamai, Tetsuro Yagi, and Michio Matsumura
Copper indium diselenide (CuInSe) thin films were grown on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrate covered with a thin layer of cadmium sulfide (CdS) by an electrodeposition method. The annealing of the films in a sulfur atmosphere resulted in a partial replacement of selenium with sulfur t ... [J. Electrochem. Soc. 157, B99 (2009)] published Fri Nov 13, 2009.
Pore Formation by In Situ Etching of Nanorod PEM Fuel Cell Electrodes
M. D. Gasda, G. A. Eisman, and D. Gall
Layers of 150 nm wide and 0.51.5 [mu]m long carbon nanorods were grown by glancing angle deposition on Si substrates, sputter-coated with 0.10 mg/cm Pt, and transferred to polymer electrolyte membranes for testing as cathode electrodes in fuel cells. The rods were etched within fully assembled cel ... [J. Electrochem. Soc. 157, B113 (2009)] published Fri Nov 13, 2009.
Effect of Free Radical Activation for Low Temperature Si to Si Wafer Bonding
K. Y. Byun, I. Ferain, and C. Colinge
In this study, a comparison of different surface treatments for direct Si to Si wafer bonding is reported. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic Si wafers have been exposed to a range of pretreatments, involving oxygen and nitrogen radical activation before in situ wafer bonding in vacuum. After low temperatu ... [J. Electrochem. Soc. 157, H109 (2009)] published Fri Nov 13, 2009.