Ohmic contact for p-type diamond without postannealing

T. Teraji, S. Koizumi, and Y. Koide
A new formation method of Ohmic contacts without postannealing was proposed for p-type boron-doped diamond. The diamond surface was partially covered with Au electrodes and then illuminated with vacuum ultraviolet light in an oxygen atmosphere. Through these processes, the hydrogen-terminated diamon ... [J. Appl. Phys. 104, 016104 (2008)] published Wed Jul 2, 2008.

The double Gaussian distribution of barrier heights in Al/TiO[sub 2]/p-Si (metal-insulator-semiconductor) structures at low temperatures

O. Pakma, N. Serin, T. Serin, and S. Altindal
The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of Al/TiO/p-Si metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) structures have been investigated in the temperature range of 80300 K. An abnormal decrease in the zero bias barrier height (BH) (phi) and an increase in the ideality factor (n) with decreasing temperature h ... [J. Appl. Phys. 104, 014501 (2008)] published Wed Jul 2, 2008.

Structure and morphology of perylene films grown on different substrates

M. Beigmohamadi, P. Niyamakom, A. Farahzadi, C. Effertz, S. Kremers et al.
In this study the structural and morphological properties of perylene films deposited on different substrates have been investigated. The film properties have been studied by employing a range of techniques including atomic force microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and drop shape analysis for the determi ... [J. Appl. Phys. 104, 013505 (2008)] published Wed Jul 2, 2008.

Laser-rf creation and diagnostics of seeded atmospheric pressure air and nitrogen plasmas

Siqi Luo, C. Mark Denning, and John E. Scharer
A laser initiation and radio frequency (rf) sustainment technique has been developed and improved from our previous work to create and sustain large-volume, high-pressure air and nitrogen plasmas. This technique utilizes a laser-initiated, 15 mTorr partial pressure tetrakis (dimethylamino) ethylene ... [J. Appl. Phys. 104, 013301 (2008)] published Wed Jul 2, 2008.

Lattice Boltzmann simulation of surface roughness effect on gaseous flow in a microchannel

Zhenhua Chai, Zhaoli Guo, Lin Zheng, and Baochang Shi
At the microscale level, it is impossible to obtain a completely smooth wall surface, and the effect of surface roughness may be a main factor responsible for some different characteristics between fluid flow in the microchannels and that in conventional size channels. In the present work, the latti ... [J. Appl. Phys. 104, 014902 (2008)] published Wed Jul 2, 2008.

High-T[sub c] superconducting quantum interference devices: Status and perspectives

Hong-Chang Yang, Ji-Chen Chen, Kuen-Lin Chen, Chiu-Hsien Wu, Herng-Er Horng et al.
In this paper, an overview of the current status of high-T superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), from device engineering to biomagnetic applications, is given. The authors offer a description of the current status of SQUID sensors, challenges encountered, and the solution of fabrica ... [J. Appl. Phys. 104, 011101 (2008)] published Wed Jul 2, 2008.

Special Coordinates Associated With Recursive Forward Dynamics Algorithm for Open Loop Rigid Multibody Systems

Sangamesh R. Deepak and Ashitava Ghosal
The recursive forward dynamics algorithm (RFDA) for a tree structured rigid multibody system has two stages. In the first stage, while going down the tree, certain equations are associated with each node. These equations are decoupled from the equations related to the node's descendants. We refer th ... [J. Appl. Mech. 75, 051003 (2008)] published Wed Jul 2, 2008.

Active Absorption of Viscously Damped System With Time Delay

Yitshak M. Ram and Kumar Vikram Singh
In general, it is not possible to obtain total motion absorption of a certain degree of freedom in a harmonically excited damped system by passive control. This paper presents a method of obtaining total absorption in viscously damped system by active control, including time delay, which is unavoida ... [J. Appl. Mech. 75, 051005 (2008)] published Wed Jul 2, 2008.

The Buckling of a Swollen Thin Gel Layer Bound to a Compliant Substrate

Eric Sultan and Arezki Boudaoud
Gels are used to design bilayered structures with high residual stresses. The swelling of a thin layer on a compliant substrate leads to compressive stresses. The postbuckling of this layer is investigated experimentally; the wavelengths and amplitudes of the resulting modes are measured. A simplifi ... [J. Appl. Mech. 75, 051002 (2008)] published Wed Jul 2, 2008.

A Noncanonically Shape Laminated Plate Subjected to Impact Loading: Theory and Experiment

Natalia V. Smetankina, Alexander N. Shupikov, Sergei Yu. Sotrikhin, and Vladimir G. Yareshchenko
This paper suggests an analytical approach to investigating vibrations of a laminated plate with a noncanonical shape in plan view under impact with an impactor having a semispherical end. The approach suggested is based on the immersion method. The dynamic behavior of the plate is described by the ... [J. Appl. Mech. 75, 051004 (2008)] published Wed Jul 2, 2008.

Investigation of Preferred Orientations in Planar Polycrystals

M. R. Tonks, A. J. Beaudoin, F. Schilder, and D. A. Tortorelli
More accurate manufacturing process models come from better understanding of texture evolution and preferred orientations. We investigate the texture evolution in the simplified physical framework of a planar polycrystal with two slip systems used by Prantil et al. (1993, An Analysis of Texture and ... [J. Appl. Mech. 75, 051001 (2008)] published Wed Jul 2, 2008.

Analytic and Experimental Investigation of Dihedral Configurations of Three-Winglet Planforms

David S. Miklosovic
An analytic and experimental effort was undertaken to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of three winglets mounted chordwise to the tip of a rectangular wing. The winglets, with an aspect ratio of 4.6, were mounted on a half-span wing having an effective aspect ratio of 6.29. 13 configurations ... [J. Fluids Eng. 130, 071103 (2008)] published Wed Jul 2, 2008.

Nonlinear optical imaging and spectral-lifetime computational analysis of endogenous and exogenous fluorophores in breast cancer

Paolo P. Provenzano, Curtis T. Rueden, Steve M. Trier, Long Yan, Suzanne M. Ponik et al.
Multiphoton laser scanning microscopy (MPLSM) utilizing techniques such as multiphoton excitation (MPE), second harmonic generation (SHG), and multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging and spectral lifetime imaging (FLIM and SLIM, respectively) are greatly expanding the degree of information obtaina ... [J. Biomed. Opt. 13, 031220 (2008)] published Wed Jul 2, 2008.

Structural, Electrical, and Magnetic Properties of Bi[sub 0.98]La[sub 0.02]Fe[sub 0.70]Sc[sub 0.30]O[sub 3] Thin Film Prepared on LaAlO[sub 3] Substrates Using a Chemical Solution Process

A. Huang, S. R. Shannigrahi, and Vivian K. X. Lin
BiLaFeScO (BLFS) thin films have been prepared on LaAlO substrates by a sol-gel process. X-ray diffraction patterns of the film show strong (100)-preferred orientation. Room-temperature dielectric and ferroelectric properties have been studied using interdigitated electrode structure. It is observed ... [Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 11, G47 (2008)] published Wed Jul 2, 2008.

Surface magnetization measurement with a spin-polarized metastable He beam under high magnetic fields of 0--5 T

Mitsunori Kurahashi, Shiro Entani, and Yasushi Yamauchi
An apparatus for measuring the surface magnetization with a spin-polarized metastable helium atom (He) beam under external magnetic fields of 05 T was developed. The He beam, spin polarized by a sextupole magnet, was directed to the sample placed in the bore of 5 T superconducting magnet. A zerofi ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 073902 (2008)] published Wed Jul 2, 2008.

Mechanical monolithic horizontal sensor for low frequency seismic noise measurement

Fausto Acernese, Gerardo Giordano, Rocco Romano, Rosario De Rosa, and Fabrizio Barone
This paper describes a mechanical monolithic horizontal sensor for geophysical applications developed at the University of Salerno. The instrument is basically a monolithic tunable folded pendulum, shaped with precision machining and electric discharge machining, that can be used both as seismometer ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 074501 (2008)] published Wed Jul 2, 2008.

Microfluidic on chip viscometers

J. Chevalier and F. Ayela
We present the design and the process of fabrication of micromachined capillary on chip rheometers which have performed wall shear stress and shear rate measurements on silicon oil and ethanol-based nanofluids. The originality of these devices comes from the fact that local pressure drop measurement ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 076102 (2008)] published Wed Jul 2, 2008.

Simultaneous sensing and actuation with a piezoelectric tube scanner

S. O. Reza Moheimani and Yuen K. Yong
Piezoelectric tube scanners with quartered external electrodes are the most widely used nanopositioning technology in modern scanning probe microscopes. There has been increasing interest in utilizing feedback control techniques to improve bandwidth and accuracy of these nanopositioners. The use of ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 073702 (2008)] published Wed Jul 2, 2008.

Apparatus for material tests using an internal loading system in high-pressure gas at room temperature

M. Imade, S. Fukuyama, and K. Yokogawa
A new type of apparatus for material tests using an internal loading system in high-pressure gas up to 100 MPa at room temperature without conventional material testing equipment was developed. The apparatus consists of a high-pressure control system and a pressure vessel, in which a piston is inst ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 073903 (2008)] published Wed Jul 2, 2008.

Vertical-type chiroptical spectrophotometer (I): Instrumentation and application to diffuse reflectance circular dichroism measurement

Takunori Harada, Hiroshi Hayakawa, and Reiko Kuroda
We have designed and built a novel universal chiroptical spectrophotometer (UCS-2: J-800KCMF), which can carry out in situ chirality measurement of solid samples without any pretreatment, in the UV-vis region and with high relative efficiency. The instrument was designed to carry out transmittance a ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 073103 (2008)] published Wed Jul 2, 2008.

A Nonlinear Anisotropic Viscoelastic Model for the Tensile Behavior of the Corneal Stroma

T. D. Nguyen, R. E. Jones, and B. L. Boyce
Tensile strip experiments of bovine corneas have shown that the tissue exhibits a nonlinear rate-dependent stress-strain response and a highly nonlinear creep response that depends on the applied hold stress. In this paper, we present a constitutive model for the finite deformation, anisotropic, non ... [J. Biomech. Eng. 130, 041020 (2008)] published Wed Jul 2, 2008.

Effect of structure and surface morphology of sol-gel derived TiO[sub 2] photoelectrode on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells

M. F. Hossain, S. Biswas, T. Takahashi, Y. Kubota, and A. Fujishima
Nanocrystalline TiO photoelectrodes were successfully deposited on SnO:F coated glass substrate by sol-gel technique with different polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentrations. Low cost chlorophyllin based dye was used along with carbon paste on SnO:F glass as a counterelectrode. All the TiO electrodes ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 1007 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Optical characterization of InN layers grown by high-pressure chemical vapor deposition

M. Alevli, R. Atalay, G. Durkaya, A. Weesekara, A. G. U. Perera et al.
The optical properties of InN layers grown by high-pressure chemical vapor deposition have been studied. Raman, infrared reflection, and transmission spectroscopy studies have been carried out to investigate the structural and optical properties of InN films grown on sapphire and GaN/sapphire templa ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 1023 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Study on plasma assisted metal-organic chemical vapor deposition of Zr(C,N) and Ti(C,N) thin films and in situ plasma diagnostics with optical emission spectroscopy

S. J. Cho, S.-H. Nam, C.-K. Jung, H.-G. Jee, J.-H. Boo et al.
Zr(C,N) and Ti(C,N) films were synthesized by pulsed dc plasma assisted metal-organic chemical vapor deposition method using metal-organic compounds of tetrakis diethylamido titanium and tetrakis diethylamido zirconium at 200300 degrees C. To change the plasma characteristics, different carrier ga ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 847 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Surface reactions during low-k etching using H[sub 2]/N[sub 2] plasma

Masanaga Fukasawa, Tetsuya Tatsumi, Keiji Oshima, Kazunori Nagahata, Saburo Uchida et al.
We investigated the relationship between the hard mask faceting that occurs during organic low-k etching and the ion energy distribution function of a capacitively coupled plasma reactor. We minimized the hard mask faceting by precisely controlling the ion energy. This precise control was obtained b ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 870 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Microstructure and tribological behavior of tungsten-containing diamondlike carbon coated rubbers

Y. T. Pei, X. L. Bui, X. B. Zhou, and J. Th. M. De Hosson
Tungsten-containing diamondlike carbon (W-DLC) coatings have been deposited on FKM (fluorocarbon), ACM (acrylate), and HNBR (hydrogenated nitrile butadiene) rubbers via unbalanced magnetron reactive sputtering from a WC target in CH/Ar plasma. The surface morphology and fracture cross sections of co ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 1085 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Preparation of TiO[sub 2] thin films by laser ablation for photocatalytic applications

S. J. Wang, W.-T. Chang, J.-Y. Ciou, M.-K. Wei, and M. S. Wong
Thin titanium dioxide (TiO) films were deposited by pulsed KrF excimer laser ablation deposition system using a titanium oxide target. The effects of substrate temperature and oxygen partial pressure on the phase formations of various microstructures were investigated by x-ray diffraction (XRD), sca ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 898 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Silicon carbonitrides: On the attainability of stable compounds with high nitrogen content

M. Rudolphi, H. Baumann, U. Geckle, and M. Bruns
Thin stoichiometric Si[Single Bond]C[Single Bond]N thin films and layers along selected tie lines of the phase diagram have been synthesized from the elements by means of ion implantation of carbon and nitrogen ions into silicon wafer substrates as well as rf magnetron cosputtering of targets with d ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 1018 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Effects of manganese oxide--mixed abrasive slurry on the tetraethyl orthosilicate oxide chemical mechanical polishing for planarization of interlayer dielectric film in the multilevel interconnection

Yong-Jin Seo, Sung-Woo Park, and Woo-Sun Lee
In this article, the authors have studied the chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) characteristics of mixed abrasive slurry (MAS) retreated by adding of manganese oxide (MnO) abrasives within 1:10 diluted silica slurry. The slurry designed for optimal performance should produce reasonable removal rat ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 996 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Characterization of electrospray ion-beam-deposited CdSe/ZnS quantum dot thin films from a colloidal solution

Yuki Tani, Satoshi Kobayashi, and Hiroshi Kawazoe
Colloidal semiconductor quantum dot (QD) nanocrystals can be deposited in the form of inorganic thin films using the ion beam direct deposition method. To simultaneously preserve the nanocrystal configuration and remove the organics derived from the ligand and solvent, the authors used an electrospr ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 1058 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Recent advances to enhance low Earth orbit space simulation

Frank G. Collins
Accurate ground-based simulation of low Earth orbit (LEO) conditions experienced by a satellite has proven to be a challenge. Recent progress that has been made toward the development of means for simulating portions of the LEO environment will be reviewed. A satellite in LEO has a speed relative to ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 1042 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Efficient combining of ion pumps and getter-palladium thin films

C. Paolini, M. Mura, and F. Ravelli
Nonevaporable getters (NEGs) have been extensively studied in the last several years for their sorption properties toward many gases. In particular, an innovative alloy as a thin film by magnetron sputtering was developed and characterized at the European Organization for Nuclear Research. It is com ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 1037 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

High rate deposition of photocatalytic TiO[sub 2] films with high activity by hollow cathode gas-flow sputtering method

Yoshiyuki Kubo, Yoshinori Iwabuchi, Masato Yoshikawa, Yasushi Sato, and Yuzo Shigesato
Photocatalytic TiO films were deposited by a hollow cathode gas-flow sputtering method using two Ti metal targets mounted parallel to each other. The Ar and O flow rates were 3000 and 050 SCCM (SCCM denotes cubic centimeter per minute at STP), respectively, and total gas pressure during the deposit ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 893 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Programmable memory devices using gold nanoparticles capped with alkanethiols of different carbon chain lengths

Pei Ying Lai and J. S. Chen
Electrical bistability is demonstrated in a polymer memory device using polystyrene containing an organic conjugated compound (8-hydroxyquinoline) and gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) capped with different alkanethiols of carbon chain lengths as the active layer between two metal electrodes. Au NPs cappe ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 1062 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Surface science investigations of photoprocesses in model interstellar ices

J. D. Thrower, M. P. Collings, M. R. S. McCoustra, D. J. Burke, W. A. Brown et al.
The kinetic energy of benzene and water molecules photodesorbed from astrophysically relevant ices on a sapphire substrate under irradiation by a UV laser tuned to the S<--S pi-->pi transition of benzene has been measured using time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Three distinct photodesorption mechani ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 919 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Effect of substrate temperature on the facing target sputter deposited TiO[sub 2] photoelectrode of dye-sensitized solar cells

M. F. Hossain, S. Biswas, T. Takahashi, Y. Kubota, and A. Fujishima
Nanocrystalline TiO photoelectrodes were successfully deposited on SnO:F coated glass substrate by facing target reactive sputtering technique with different substrate temperatures ranging from room temperature to 400 degrees C. Low cost chlorophylline based dye was used along with carbon paste on ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 1012 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Exotic shapes of gold nanoparticles synthesized using plasma in aqueous solution

Junko Hieda, Nagahiro Saito, and Osamu Takai
Gold nanoparticles with exotic shapes, such as triangle, pentagon, and hexagon, have been synthesized by glow discharge in aqueous solutions. A pulsed power supply was used to generate discharges in the aqueous solutions. Pulse width and frequency were 2 [mu]s and 15 kHz, respectively. Discharges w ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 854 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Structural study of TiO[sub 2]-based transparent conducting films

T. Hitosugi, N. Yamada, S. Nakao, K. Hatabayashi, T. Shimada et al.
We have investigated microscopic structures of sputter and pulsed laser deposited (PLD) anatase Nb-doped TiO transparent conducting films, and discuss what causes the degradation of resistivity in sputter-deposited films. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscope and polarized optical microsc ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 1027 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Atomic-scale investigation of graphene formation on 6H-SiC(0001)

N. P. Guisinger, G. M. Rutter, J. N. Crain, C. Heiliger, P. N. First et al.
The growth of graphene on the silicon-terminated face of 6H-SiC(0001) was investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) measurements. The initial stages of ultrahigh vacuum graphitization resulted in the growth of individual graphene sheets on random SiC terraces. These initial graphene sheets ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 932 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Photoconductive analysis of ion implantation damage and annealing in silicon wafers

R. K. Ahrenkiel
This work describes the use of a new method of detecting residual damage centers, which are produced in ion-implanted silicon. Contactless resonant-coupled photoconductive decay (RCPCD) measures the minority-carrier lifetime in the unimplanted region of the wafer. The analysis and data show that the ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 812 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes with Ba/Ag/indium tin oxide cathode and built-in potential analyses in these devices

J. T. Lim, J. H. Lee, G. Y. Yeom, E. H. Lee, and T. W. Kim
Top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes (TEOLEDs) with a thin semitransparent conducting cathode (STCC) of Ba/Ag/indium tin oxide (ITO) were fabricated and their electric/optical characteristics were investigated. At the wavelength of 520 nm, optical properties of STCC of the Ba(3 nm)/Ag(15 nm ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 961 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Optical properties of organic and inorganic capped CdS nanoparticles and the effects of x-ray irradiation on organic capped CdS nanoparticles

Nilima V. Hullavarad and Shiva S. Hullavarad
In this article, the authors report synthesis of CdS nanoparticles using a simple, inexpensive and straightforward chemical colloidal method using organic and inorganic capping agents. 1-6 hexanedithiol, mercaptoethanol, thioglycerol, tetraethyl orthosilicate, and tetraethyl orthotitaniate are used ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 1050 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Global plasma simulations using dynamically generated chemical models

James J. Munro and Jonathan Tennyson
Extensive molecular data are a key requirement in understanding modern technical plasmas. A method for coupling molecular data with chemical models in a global plasma simulation to enable rapid testing and evaluation of new plasmas is presented. A global plasma model (GLOBALKIN) is extended using an ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 865 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Ferroelectric properties of Pb(Mn[sub 1/3]Nb[sub 2/3])O[sub 3] - Pb(Zr,Ti)O[sub 3] thin films epitaxially grown on (001)MgO substrates

Tao Zhang, Kiyotaka Wasa, Isaku Kanno, and Shu-Yi Zhang
Ferroelectric ternary perovskite thin films of 0.06Pb(Mn,Nb)O (PMnN)0.42PbZrO (PZ)0.52PbTiO (PT) [0.06PMnN0.94PZT(45/55)] have been grown on the (001)MgO substrates by radio frequency-magnetron sputtering with quenching processing. The deposition conditions, microstructures, piezoelectric, and fe ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 985 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Photo-induced surface functionalization of carbon surfaces: The role of photoelectron ejection

Paula E. Colavita, Bin Sun, Kiu-Yuen Tse, and Robert J. Hamers
Carbon-based materials are attractive for a wide range of applications, from biomaterials to fuel cells; however, their effective use often requires controlling the surface chemistry to incorporate recognition moieties or reactive centers. The high stability of carbon also makes it a challenging mat ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 925 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Low-damage low-k etching with an environmentally friendly CF[sub 3]I plasma

Eiichi Soda, Seiichi Kondo, Shuichi Saito, Yoshinari Ichihashi, Aiko Sato et al.
The feasibility of etching Cu/low-k interconnects by using a low global warming potential CFI plasma was studied. Low-damage etching was done and porous SiOC (p-SiOC, k<2.6) film with low roughness was produced. Exposing p-SiOC film to CFI plasma was found to suppress the decrease in the CH group an ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 875 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

An electron impact emission spectroscopy flux sensor for monitoring deposition rate at high background gas pressure with improved accuracy

C. Lu, C. D. Blissett, and G. Diehl
Electron impact emission spectroscopy (EIES) has been proven to be a critical tool for film composition control during codeposition processes for the fabrication of multicomponent thin film materials including the high-efficiency copper-indium-gallium-diselenide photovoltaic cells. This technique is ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 956 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Temperature effect on the glancing angle deposition of Si sculptured thin films

Christian Patzig and Bernd Rauschenbach
Si sculptured thin films consisting of spiral-, screw-, and columnlike-shaped nanostructures were grown by ion beam-induced glancing angle deposition of Si on rotating bare Si[001] substrates at different substrate rotational speeds and substrate temperatures ranging from room temperature to (36010) ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 881 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Preparation of nickel nanoparticles and their catalytic activity in the cracking of methane

Juan Carlos De Jesus, Ismael Gonzalez, Miguel Garcia, and Caribay Urbina
Metallic nickel nanoparticles are excellent catalysts for the cracking of methane into carbon nanotubes and hydrogen. Decomposition of tetrahydrate nickel acetate proceeds readily in inert or hydrocarbon streams to produce metallic nickel agglomerates (average size of 1080 nm) at around 350 degre ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 913 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Gate oxide process control optimization by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy in a semiconductor fabrication line

A. Le Gouil, N. Cabuil, P. Dupeyrat, B. Dickson, M. Kwan et al.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is a metrology technique that is used for in-line control of decoupled plasma nitridation processes in the fabrication of logic devices. This article shows XPS results of thickness and composition obtained on two types of gate oxide nitrided by a decoupled plasma nit ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 805 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Effect of swift heavy ion irradiation on the hardness of chromium nanorods

Rupali Nagar, B. R. Mehta, J. P. Singh, D. Jain, V. Ganesan et al.
The present study reports the use of swift heavy ion irradiation as a means to tailor the hardness of chromium nanorod coatings. Arrays of slanted and straight Cr nanorods, 12 [mu]m long and 300500 nm in diameter, were grown by dc magnetron sputter glancing angle deposition on Si(100) substrates p ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 887 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Effect of substrate temperatures on amorphous carbon nitride films prepared by reactive sputtering

Masami Aono, Hidenobu Akiyoshi, Shunsuke Kikuchi, Nobuaki Kitazawa, and Yoshihisa Watanabe
Amorphous carbon nitride, a-CN, films were deposited by reactive radio frequency magnetron sputtering of a graphite target in nitrogen gas. This kind of films could be used as novel electric and optical devices. The authors investigated effects of the substrate temperature up to 873 K on the films i ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 966 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Ion beam deposition of tantalum pentoxide thin film at room temperature

W. Kulisch, D. Gilliland, G. Ceccone, H. Rauscher, L. Sirghi et al.
Tantalum pentoxide (TaO) thin films have been deposited by reactive ion beam sputtering at room temperature. The films have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), variable an ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 991 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

High rate deposition of photocatalytic TiO[sub 2] films by dc magnetron sputtering using a TiO[sub 2 - x] target

Yasushi Sato, Akira Uebayashi, Norihiro Ito, Toshihisa Kamiyama, and Yuzo Shigesato
Photocatalytic TiO films were deposited on glass substrates by dc magnetron sputtering using a slightly reduced TiO target (2x=1.986; conductivity, 3.7 S cm; density, 4.21 g/cm). The variation in the deposition rate as a function of the O flow ratio did not show a hysteresis curve at the transitio ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 903 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Structural and electronic properties of bilayer epitaxial graphene

G. M. Rutter, J. N. Crain, N. P. Guisinger, P. N. First, and J. A. Stroscio
Scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) are used to study the structural and electronic properties of bilayer epitaxial graphene on SiC(0001). Topographic images reveal that graphene conforms to the SiC interface morphology and is observed to be continuous across step ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 938 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Growth and characterization of carbon nanotubes on constantan (Cu--Ni--Mn alloy) metallic substrates without adding additional catalysts

C. V. Varanasi, J. Bulmer, L. Brunke, J. Burke, J. Baca et al.
In this study, metallic constantan (Cu55Ni44Mn1 wt %) alloy substrates were investigated as an alternate choice of substrates to grow carbon nanotubes (CNTs). No additional catalysts were used other than the as-rolled and annealed substrates to process CNTs on them. High density CNT growth was obs ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 832 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Study on the amorphous Ta--Zr films as diffusion barrier in Cu metallization

Chuan Li, J. H. Hsieh, and Z. Z. Tang
An amorphous TaZr binary alloy diffusion barrier was studied in the Cu metallization. A Cu/TaZr/Si stack with 50 nm thick amorphous film was prepared by cosputtering can effectively suppress the penetration of Cu atoms into substrate upon annealing up to 650 degrees C. Examining the thermal stabi ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 980 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Etching characteristics and application of physical-vapor-deposited amorphous carbon for multilevel resist

H. T. Kim, B. S. Kwon, N.-E. Lee, Y. S. Park, H. J. Cho et al.
For the fabrication of a multilevel resist (MLR) based on a very thin, physical-vapor-deposited (PVD) amorphous carbon (a-C) layer, the etching characteristics of the PVD a-C layer with a SiO hard mask were investigated in a dual-frequency superimposed capacitively coupled plasma etcher by varying t ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 861 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Photoluminescence and electroluminescence from Eu-activated CaAl[sub 2]O[sub 4]-based multicomponent oxide thin-film phosphors

Haruki Fukada, Shun Matsui, Toshihiro Miyata, and Tadatsugu Minami
Photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence (EL) from newly developed Eu-activated CaAlO -based multicomponent oxide phosphor thin films prepared by rf magnetron sputtering are described. Yellowish green and blue emissions in PL were obtained in as-deposited and postannealed ((CaAlO)(BaAlO)):Eu a ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 944 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Optical radiation selective photodetectors based on III nitrides

R. Pillai, D. Starikov, C. Boney, and A. Bensaoula
Wide direct band gap III nitride materials have opened up many new optoelectronic applications because they allow access to a very wide spectral range, from 200 nm to 1.77 [mu]m, from a single material system. Both light emission sources and photodetectors with advanced properties can be achieve ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 970 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Effects of P on amorphous chemical vapor deposition Ru-P alloy films for Cu interconnect liner applications

Jinhong Shin, Hyun-Woo Kim, Kyriacos Agapiou, Richard A. Jones, Gyeong S. Hwang et al.
Amorphous Ru(P) films grown by chemical vapor deposition at 575 K using a single source precursor, cis-RuH(P(CH)), or dual sources, Ru(CO) and P(CH) or P(CH), are studied. The phosphorus percentage affects the film microstructure, and incorporating >13% P resulted in amorphous Ru(P) films. While cod ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 974 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Electron backscatter diffraction of CdTe thin films: Effects of CdCl[sub 2] treatment

H. R. Moutinho, R. G. Dhere, M. J. Romero, C.-S. Jiang, B. To et al.
In this work, the authors describe procedures to prepare the surface of close-spaced sublimation CdTe thin films necessary for producing good electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) data. They found that polishing resulted in an amorphous layer on the surface and no Kikuchi pattern; however, ion-bea ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 1068 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Plasma modification of CoPt[sub 3] nanoparticle arrays: A route to catalytic coatings of surfaces

Bernhard Gehl, Jan Ingo Flege, Vesna Aleksandrovic, Thomas Schmidt, Andreas Kornowski et al.
Two-dimensional layers of bimetallic cobalt-platinum nanoparticles were prepared from colloidal suspension to serve as model systems for catalytic surface coatings with well-defined chemistry and geometry. After deposition, the particle surfaces were exposed to mild rf plasmas in order to remove the ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 908 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Dry etching of extreme ultraviolet lithography mask structures in inductively coupled plasmas

D. Y. Kim, H. J. Lee, H. Y. Jung, N.-E. Lee, T. G. Kim et al.
Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) is currently being examined for its potential use in the next generation of lithography techniques. Among the core EUVL technologies, mask fabrication is of considerable importance due to the use of new reflective optics. This study investigated the etching pro ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 857 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Single-chamber plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition of transparent organic/inorganic multilayer barrier coating at low temperature

S. M. Park, D. J. Kim, S. I. Kim, and N.-E. Lee
Deposition of organic/inorganic multilayers is usually carried out by two different process steps by two different deposition methods. A single-chamber process for the deposition of multilayer stacks can make the process and deposition system simpler. In this work, SiOCH and plasma-polymerized methy ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 949 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Nanometer-scaled triangular platinum islands fabricated using the bridge phenomenon of polystyrene beads

Byoung-Kyu Lee, Kyoung Seob Kim, Ji-Hye Lee, Nam-Hoon Kim, and Yonghan Roh
The authors optimized the fabrication of nanometer-scaled triangular platinum islands using the bridge phenomenon of polystyrene beads. Both the mixture ratio of polystyrene beads and the spin coating process were optimized to array a uniform monolayer of polystyrene beads at a high density over a l ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 819 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Effects of annealing on antiwear and antibacteria behaviors of TaN--Cu nanocomposite thin films

J. H. Hsieh, M. K. Cheng, Y. K. Chang, C. Li, C. L. Chang et al.
TaNCu nanocomposite films were deposited by reactive cosputtering on Si and tool steel substrates. The films were then annealed using rapid thermal annealing (RTA) at 400 degrees C for 2, 4, and 8 min, respectively, to induce the nucleation and growth of Cu particles in TaN matrix and on film sur ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 1093 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Effect of capacitive to inductive coupling transition in multiple linear U-type antenna on silicon thin film deposition from pure SiH[sub 4] discharges

Hong Bum Kim, Hyoung Cheol Lee, Kyong Nam Kim, and Geun Young Yeom
Using a large area internal-type inductively coupled plasma (ICP) source called multiple U-type ICP source having the size of 1020 x 830 mm, the electrical properties of the antennas and the dissociation characteristics were investigated as a function of rf power using pure SiH and their influence ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 842 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Self-limiting deposition of aluminum oxide thin films by pulsed plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition

Scott F. Szymanski, Pieter Rowlette, and Colin A. Wolden
Self-limiting deposition of aluminum oxide (AlO) thin films was accomplished by pulsed plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition using a continuous delivery of trimethyl aluminum (TMA) and O. Film characterization included spectroscopic ellipsometry and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 1079 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Thermoplasmonic shift and dispersion in thin metal films

A. L. Lereu, A. Passian, R. H. Farahi, N. F. van Hulst, T. L. Ferrell et al.
In 2004, the authors reported two coupling schemes based on the thermo-optic properties of thin metallic films and their associated sub- and superstrates, by utilizing surface plasmons. These studies showed a potential for all-optical modulation at low rates that may be used for sensing purposes. In ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 836 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Comparative study of photocatalytic activity in CdS--TiO[sub 2] thin films prepared by two different techniques

S. Biswas, M. F. Hossain, T. Takahashi, Y. Kubota, and A. Fujishima
In this study, CdS layer in CdSTiO bilayer films was fabricated by two different chemical bath deposition techniques: one with an ammonium complex as complexing agent and the other with sodium citrate as a substitute for the ammonium complex. The TiO upper layer was deposited by dc magnetron sputter ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 1002 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Conducting polymer nanofilm growth on a nanoscale linked-crater pattern fabricated on an Al surface

H. Kato, S. Takemura, A. Ishii, Y. Takarai, Y. Watanabe et al.
A linked-crater structure was fabricated on an Al surface by chemical and electrochemical combination processes. The surface of an Al plate was treated with semiClean and was successively processed in anodization in HSO. Dynamic force microscopy image showed that a linked-crater structure was formed ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 824 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Study of characteristic fragmentation of nanocarbon by the scanning atom probe

Osamu Nishikawa, Masahiro Taniguchi, and Yahachi Saito
Six nine purity graphite and single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT), double-walled carbon nanotube (DWCNT), multiple-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) are mass analyzed by the scanning atom probe. Surface atoms well exposed to the external field are field evaporated and individual evaporated fragment io ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 1074 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

A model for calculating resputter rates in codeposition

J. M. Gregoire and R. B. van Dover
The ability to calculate composition in composition spread thin films is a powerful tool in combinatorial research. This ability is pivotal in high-throughput studies, where the time and effort required to determine elemental compositions using standard techniques can be prohibitive. Calculating cod ... [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 26, 1030 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

A three-dimensional isotropic transmission-line metamaterial topology for free-space excitation

Ashwin K. Iyer and George V. Eleftheriades
This work proposes a three-dimensional isotropic transmission-line metamaterial topology for free-space excitation whose negative-refractive-index properties are validated by full-wave simulation. The topology is based on a physical realization of the symmetrical condensed node of transmission-line ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 261106 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Anisotropic medium with parabolic dispersion

Linfang Shen, Jin-Jei Wu, and Tzong-Jer Yang
A layered metamaterial which is predicted by the effective medium theory to be an anisotropic medium with partial zero permittivities is analyzed carefully. It is shown that such a material has a dispersion relation in parabolic form, which is quite different from the known ones. This material may b ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 261905 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Electroluminescence from monolayer ZnO nanoparticles using dry coating technique

Chun-Yu Lee, Yuen-Yung Hui, Wei-Fang Su, and Ching-Fuh Lin
We report ultraviolet electroluminescence from ZnO nanoparticle-based devices prepared by the dry-coating technique. With dry-coating process, the structure of the ZnO nanoparticle monolayer (90 nm) in the device can be easily achieved. The method reduces the density of pinhole defects in the ZnO n ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 261107 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Electrothermal actuation based on carbon nanotube network in silicone elastomer

L. Z. Chen, C. H. Liu, C. H. Hu, and S. S. Fan
The authors report an electrothermal actuator, which is fabricated by involving carbon nanotube network into the silicone elastomer. The actuators exhibit excellent performances as good as normal dielectric elastomer actuators while working under much lower voltages (e.g., 1.5 V mm). They are long ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 263104 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Tiny bubble removal by gas flow through porous superhydrophobic surfaces: Ostwald ripening

Feng-Ming Chang, Yu-Jane Sheng, Shao-Liang Cheng, and Heng-Kwong Tsao
The fact that tiny bubbles are easily formed on the rough, hydrophobic surface results in difficulties in bubble detachment and removal. We show that bubbles captured by porous superhydrophobic surfaces merge into larger ones, which can detach by buoyancy. The responsible mechanism is convective Ost ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 264102 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Anisotropic crystallographic properties, strain, and their effects on band structure of m-plane GaN on LiAlO[sub 2](100)

B. Liu, R. Zhang, Z. L. Xie, J. Y. Kong, J. Yao et al.
The m-plane GaN films grown on LiAlO(100) by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition exhibit anisotropic crystallographic properties. The WilliamsonHall plots point out they are due to the different tilts and lateral correlation lengths of mosaic blocks parallel and perpendicular to GaN[0001] in the ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 261906 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Influence of bismuth incorporation on the valence and conduction band edges of GaAs[sub 1 - x]Bi[sub x]

G. Pettinari, A. Polimeni, M. Capizzi, J. H. Blokland, P. C. M. Christianen et al.
We investigate the electronic properties of GaAsBi by photoluminescence at variable temperature (T=10430 K) and high magnetic field (B=030 T). In GaAsBi, localized state contribution to PL is dominant up to 150 K. At T=180 K the diamagnetic shift of the free-exciton states reveals a sizable incr ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 262105 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Quantitative determination of the dopant distribution in Si ultrashallow junctions by tilted sample annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy

A. Parisini, V. Morandi, S. Solmi, P. G. Merli, D. Giubertoni et al.
In this letter, it is shown how the application of a Z-contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy technique to the study of the dopant signal in ultrashallow junctions in Si can lead, in the case of As in Si, to a quantitative determination of the dopant depth profile at subnanometer resolut ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 261907 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Correlation between hardness and elastic moduli of the ultraincompressible transition metal diborides RuB[sub 2], OsB[sub 2], and ReB[sub 2]

Hsiu-Ying Chung, Michelle B. Weinberger, Jenn-Ming Yang, Sarah H. Tolbert, and Richard B. Kaner
The ultraincompressible transition metal diborides RuB, OsB, and ReB were synthesized by arc melting the elemental metals and boron under an argon atmosphere at ambient pressure. The hardness and Young's modulus were measured using nanoindentation with a Berkovich diamond indenter. The bulk modulus ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 261904 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Ferroelectric bimorph cantilever with self-assembled silane layer

Andriy Nadtochiy, T. Keith Hollis, and Igor Ostrovskii
Bimorph ferroelectric microcantilevers are fabricated at the locations of the interdomain walls of inversely poled lithium niobate. The cantilevers are excited via the piezoelectric effect using a rf voltage and the natural vibrations are observed via optical detection. The self-assembling layers of ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 263503 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Growth of InAs/Sb:GaAs quantum dots on silicon substrate with high density and efficient light emission in the 1.3 mu m band

Lin Li, Denis Guimard, Mohan Rajesh, and Yasuhiko Arakawa
We report on the growth of self-assembled InAs/Sb:GaAs quantum dots (QDs) on silicon substrate by antimony-mediated metal organic chemical vapor deposition. We obtained arrays of InAs/Sb:GaAs/Si QD chains along [011], with density as high as 7 x 10 cm and low coalescence. These QDs yield emission i ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 263105 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Cool white III-nitride light emitting diodes based on phosphor-free indium-rich InGaN nanostructures

C. B. Soh, W. Liu, J. H. Teng, S. Y. Chow, S. S. Ang et al.
Phosphor-free cool white emitting light emitting diodes (LEDs) have been fabricated using a dual stacked InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) comprising of a lower set of MQWs emitting yellow and an upper set of MQWs emitting blue. The lower set of MQWs incorporates indium-rich InGaN connected-do ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 261909 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Monocrystalline Al[sub x]Ga[sub 1 - x]As heterostructures for high-reflectivity high-Q micromechanical resonators in the megahertz regime

Garrett D. Cole, Simon Groblacher, Katharina Gugler, Sylvain Gigan, and Markus Aspelmeyer
We present high-performance megahertz micromechanical oscillators based on freestanding epitaxial AlGaAs distributed Bragg reflectors. Compared with dielectric reflectors, the low mechanical loss of the monocrystalline heterostructure gives rise to significant improvements in the achievable mechanic ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 261108 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Organic solar cells with solution-processed graphene transparent electrodes

Junbo Wu, Hector A. Becerril, Zhenan Bao, Zunfeng Liu, Yongsheng Chen et al.
We demonstrate that solution-processed graphene thin films can serve as transparent conductive anodes for organic photovoltaic cells. The graphene electrodes were deposited on quartz substrates by spin coating of an aqueous dispersion of functionalized graphene, followed by a reduction process to re ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 263302 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Effects of hydrogen on the optical properties of ZnCdO/ZnO quantum wells grown by molecular beam epitaxy

I. A. Buyanova, X. J. Wang, G. Pozina, W. M. Chen, W. Lim et al.
Temperature-dependent cw- and time-resolved photoluminescence (PL), as well as optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) measurements are employed to evaluate effects of deuterium (2H) doping on optical properties of ZnCdO/ZnO quantum well structures grown by molecular beam epitaxy. It is shown t ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 261912 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Midinfrared intersubband absorption in wide band gap II-VI Zn[sub x]Cd[sub 1 - x]Se multiple quantum wells with metastable zincblende MgSe barriers

B. S. Li, A. Shen, W. O. Charles, Q. Zhang, and M. C. Tamargo
The authors report the observation of midinfrared intersubband (ISB) absorption in MgSe/ZnCdSe multiple quantum wells (MQWs) grown on (001) InP substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. The in situ reflection high energy electron diffraction shows that zincblende MgSe/ZnCdSe MQWs can be grown with the i ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 261104 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Longitudinal coherence in thermal ghost imaging

F. Ferri, D. Magatti, V. G. Sala, and A. Gatti
We show theoretically and experimentally that lensless ghost imaging with thermal light is fully interpretable in terms of classical statistical optics. The disappearance of the ghost image when the object and the reference planes are located at different distances from the source is due to the fadi ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 261109 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

On the importance of radiative and Auger losses in GaN-based quantum wells

J. Hader, J. V. Moloney, B. Pasenow, S. W. Koch, M. Sabathil et al.
Fully microscopic many-body models are used to study the importance of radiative and Auger carrier losses in InGaN/GaN quantum wells. Auger losses are found to be negligible in contrast to recent speculations on their importance for the experimentally observed efficiency droop. Good agreement with e ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 261103 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

First principles molecular dynamics study of CdS nanostructure temperature-dependent phase stability

Bin Wen and Roderick V. N. Melnik
First principles molecular dynamics simulations are used to determine the relative stability of wurtzite, graphitic, and rocksalt phases of the CdS nanostructure at various temperatures. Our results indicate that in the temperature range from 300 to 450 K, the phase stability sequence for the CdS ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 261911 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Sol-gel derived nanostructured cerium oxide film for glucose sensor

Anees A. Ansari, Pratima R. Solanki, and B. D. Malhotra
Sol-gel derived nanostructured cerium oxide (CeO) film deposited on gold (Au) electrode has been utilized for physisorption of glucose oxidase (GOx). X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, and electrochemical techniques have been used to characterize sol-gel derived CeO ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 263901 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Superior nanoscale passive oxide layers synthesized under photon irradiation for environmental protection

Chia-Lin Chang, Mark H. Engelhard, and Shriram Ramanathan
We report on synthesis and functional properties of ultrathin oxide layers synthesized on metal surfaces by room temperature photon irradiation. We show that the impedance of a passive aluminum oxide film synthesized under ultraviolet photon irradiation is an order of magnitude larger than that of n ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 263103 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Size dependence of twin formation energy in cubic SiC at the nanoscale

Yongfeng Zhang, Hyun Woo Shim, and Hanchen Huang
This letter reports the size dependence of twin formation energy in cubic SiC at the nanoscale, while the bulk value is nearly zero. Atomic edges surround the twin boundary of SiC nanowires, and they are responsible for the finite twin formation energy and its size dependence. Based on classical mol ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 261908 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Room temperature ferromagnetism and ferroelectricity in cobalt-doped LiNbO[sub 3] film

C. Song, C. Z. Wang, Y. C. Yang, X. J. Liu, F. Zeng et al.
(5 at. %) cobalt-doped LiNbO (Co:LN) films were prepared by combinatorial laser molecular-beam epitaxy on Si (100). The Co:LN films with Co replacing Nb exhibit room temperature ferromagnetism of 1.2[mu]/Co and Curie temperature of ~540 K. Through a Ag/Co:LN/Si metal-ferroelectric-semiconductor f ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 262901 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Enhanced characteristics of blue InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes by using selective activation to modulate the lateral current spreading length

Ray-Ming Lin, Yuan-Chieh Lu, Yi-Lun Chou, Guo-Hsing Chen, Yung-Hsiang Lin et al.
We have studied the characteristics of blue InGaN/GaN multiquantum-well light-emitting diodes (LEDs) after reducing the length of the lateral current path through the transparent layer through formation of a peripheral high-resistance current-blocking region in the Mg-doped GaN layer. To study the m ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 261105 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Electromigration induced high fraction of compound formation in SnAgCu flip chip solder joints with copper column

Luhua Xu, Jung-Kyu Han, Jarrett Jun Liang, K. N. Tu, and Yi-Shao Lai
To overcome the effect of current crowding on electromigration-induced pancake-type void formation in flip chip solder joints, two types of Cu column in 90 [mu]m flip chip SnAgCu solder joints have been studied. They were (1) the solder contacts the Cu column at bottom and side walls and (2) the so ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 262104 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Cylindrical-to-plane-wave conversion via embedded optical transformation

Wei Xiang Jiang, Tie Jun Cui, Hui Feng Ma, Xiao Yang Zhou, and Qiang Cheng
We investigate the conversion from cylindrical waves to plane waves in a short range through a metamaterial layer which has a circular shape in the inner outline and a square shape in the outer outline. Based on an embedded optical transformation, analytical formulas of the permittivity and permeabi ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 261903 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Optical detection of deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization with InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells

H. Y. Shih, T. T. Chen, C. H. Wang, K. Y. Chen, and Y. F. Chen
Based on the high surface sensitivity of piezoelectric polarization of strained nitride semiconductors, surface functionalized nitride light emitting devices (LEDs) provide an excellent opportunity for the development of biological sensors. To demonstrate our working principle, a probe chip based on ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 261910 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Viewing-angle controllable liquid crystal display using a fringe- and vertical-field driven hybrid aligned nematic liquid crystal

Eun Jeong, Young Jin Lim, Mi Hyung Chin, Jin Ho Kim, Seung Hee Lee et al.
Viewing-angle controllable liquid crystal display (LCD) without using an additional panel or pixel division is proposed. In the device, hybrid aligned nematic liquid crystal using a liquid crystal with negative dielectric anisotropy is used. The device shows narrow viewing angle when it is driven on ... [Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 261102 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Presence and Resistance to Wet Etching of Silicon Oxycarbides at the SiO[sub 2]/SiC Interface

Silma A. Correa, Claudio Radtke, Gabriel V. Soares, Israel J. R. Baumvol, Cristiano Krug et al.
The formation and solubility of silicon oxycarbides at the SiO/SiC interface was investigated using nuclear reaction analyses. The amount of silicon oxycarbides formed by thermal oxidation of SiC in dry O was seen to be independent of substrate polytype, surface termination, and oxidation temperatur ... [Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 11, H258 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

In vitro detection and quantification of enamel and root caries using infrared photothermal radiometry and modulated luminescence

Raymond J. Jeon, Adam Hellen, Anna Matvienko, Andreas Mandelis, Stephen H. Abrams et al.
Artificially created demineralized and remineralized carious lesions on the root and enamel of human teeth were examined by photothermal radiometry (PTR) and modulated luminescence (LUM). Fourteen extracted human teeth were used and a lesion was created on a 1 mm x 4 mm rectangular window, spannin ... [J. Biomed. Opt. 13, 034025 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Prolonged irradiation of enhanced cyan fluorescent protein or Cerulean can invalidate F[o-umlaut]rster resonance energy transfer measurements

Birgit Hoffmann, Thomas Zimmer, Nikolaj Klocker, Laimonas Kelbauskas, Karsten Konig et al.
Since its discovery, green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its variants have proven to be a good and convenient fluorescent label for proteins: GFP and other visible fluorescent proteins (VFPs) can be fused selectively to the protein of interest by simple cloning techniques and develop fluorescence wi ... [J. Biomed. Opt. 13, 031205 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Rab4 and Rab11 coordinately regulate the recycling of angiotensin II type I receptor as demonstrated by fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscopy

Hewang Li, Hui-Fang Li, Robin A. Felder, Ammasi Periasamy, and Pedro A. Jose
The recycling of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) to the cell surface after internalization plays an important role in the regulation of overall GPCR activity. The angiotensin II type I receptor (ATR) belongs to class B GPCRs that recycle slowly back to the cell surface. Previous studies have prop ... [J. Biomed. Opt. 13, 031206 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Real-time swept source optical coherence tomography imaging of the human airway using a microelectromechanical system endoscope and digital signal processor

Jianping Su, Jun Zhang, Lingfeng Yu, Henri G Colt, Matthew Brenner et al.
A fast-scan-rate swept laser for optical coherence tomography (OCT) is suitable to record and analyze a 3-D image volume. However, the whole OCT system speed is limited by data streaming, processing, and storage. In this case, postprocessing is a common technique. Endoscopic clinical applications pr ... [J. Biomed. Opt. 13, 030506 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Errata: Three-dimensional real-time imaging of cardiac cell motions in living embryos

Jian Lu, Francisco Pereira, Scott E. Fraser, and Morteza Gharib
... [J. Biomed. Opt. 13, 039803 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Ex vivo multiphoton analysis of rabbit corneal wound healing following conductive keratoplasty

Tsung-Jen Wang, Wen Lo, Chiu Mei Hsueh, Ming-Shium Hsieh, Chen-Yuan Dong et al.
Ex vivo multiphoton imaging is used to characterize rabbit corneal wound healing after conductive keratoplasty (CK) procedures. CK is performed on the right eyes from eight New Zealand albino rabbits while the left eyes are punctured by a keratoplast tip without energy application. Rabbits are human ... [J. Biomed. Opt. 13, 034019 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Offset reduction in Hall effect measurements using a nonswitching van der Pauw technique

O. Riss, E. Shaked, M. Karpovsky, and A. Gerber
A nonswitching van der Pauw technique, which uses two electrically isolated alternating current sources operating at two different frequencies and two lock-in amplifiers, is suggested for Hall effect measurements. Parasitic offset voltage, typical for this type of measurements, is reduced by averagi ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 073901 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Absolute calibration of photostimulable image plate detectors used as (0.5--20 MeV) high-energy proton detectors

A. ManCic, J. Fuchs, P. Antici, S. A. Gaillard, and P. Audebert
In this paper, the absolute calibration of photostimulable image plates (IPs) used as proton detectors is presented. The calibration is performed in a wide range of proton energies (0.520 MeV) by exposing simultaneously the IP and calibrated detectors (radiochromic films and solid state detector CR ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 073301 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Laser ablation source for formation and deposition of size-selected metal clusters

S. VuCkovic, M. Svanqvist, and V. N. Popok
This work describes construction of a source and optimisation of its parameters for production of cluster ion beams using material ablation by the second harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser (532 nm). The influence of different source parameters such as carrier gas pressure, laser power, delay time between g ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 073303 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Current multiplication by using multiple thyristors

Z. Liu, A. J. M. Pemen, E. J. M. Van Heesch, and G. J. J. Winands
This paper presents a circuit topology to obtain current multiplication by using multiple thyristors. To gain insight into this technique, an equivalent circuit model is introduced. Proper operation of the topology was demonstrated by experiments on a small-scale setup including three thyristors. On ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 075101 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

A 1 MA, variable risetime pulse generator for high energy density plasma research

J. B. Greenly, J. D. Douglas, D. A. Hammer, B. R. Kusse, S. C. Glidden et al.
COBRA is a 0.5 Omega pulse generator driving loads of order 10 nH inductance to >1 MA current. The design is based on independently timed, laser-triggered switching of four water pulse-forming lines whose outputs are added in parallel to drive the load current pulse. The detailed design and opera ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 073501 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Numerical fringe pattern demodulation strategies in interferometry

Jens Bethge and Gunter Steinmeyer
The performance of two different numerical frequency demodulation strategies for evaluating sampled fringe patterns in interferometric applications and optics is discussed. Namely, these techniques involve traditional Fourier filtering techniques and a strategy based on the Gabor wavelets. While the ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 073102 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

An alternative method for the measurement of the mechanical impulse of a vertically directed blast

Geoffrey R. Turner
An alternative method for the measurement of the total mechanical impulse of a vertically directed blast due to an explosive charge is presented. The method differs from apparatus that employ a vertically displaced mass (similar in principle to the ballistic pendulum) in that a relatively compact sp ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 075102 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Label-free, all-electrical, in situ human epidermal growth receptor 2 detection

Joseph A. Capobianco, Wan Y. Shih, Qing-An Yuan, Gregory P. Adams, and Wei-Heng Shih
Using 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS)-coated (PbMgNbO)(PbTiO) (PMN-PT)/tin and lead zirconate titanate/glass piezoelectric microcantilever sensors (PEMSs) with single-chain variable fragment (scFv) immobilized on the MPS surface, we have demonstrated real-time, label-free detection of human e ... [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 076101 (2008)] published Tue Jul 1, 2008.

Reflection-time-of-flight spectrometer for two-electron (e,2e) coincidence spectroscopy on surfaces

J. Kirschne