Scripps Institute of Oceanography. During the 1950s, high bottom heat flow, young age of “guyots” (flat-topped sea mountains), thinness of ocean sediments, patterns of fracture zones. Deep sea drilling program AMSOC and MOHO (1960-1970); Ocean magnetic surveys. Long-term measurements of carbon dioxide at Scripps by Keeling; greenhouse effect. International cooperation in oceanography via ICSU-SCOR. Circulation mixing and expansion of ocean waters; equatorial countercurrent.