Acoustic tools for precise cellular manipulation

In cellular biology, DNA has long been seen as the primary determinant of a cell’s role and function. However, in the 21st century, researchers are increasingly exploring the effect of mechanical forces on cellular behavior. Cellular and tissue engineering are emerging fields that seek to use both genetic and mechanical cues to produce specific functional outcomes.

Senturk et al. discussed several approaches for manipulating cells using acoustic techniques, offering contactless means of interacting with biological microenvironments.

In contrast with other cellular manipulation methods, acoustic control allows for the precise and quantifiable application of mechanical forces, essential for modern engineering.

“By clearly linking specific acoustic platforms to their precise biological and rheological outcomes, we hope to empower scientists to merge technological tools with biophysical functions,” said author Adem Özçelik.

The authors explored multiple types of acoustic fields and their effects on cells. Primary acoustic radiation can push cells into precise arrangements, while secondary forces can draw cells together to form spheroids and other tightly packed shapes. Acoustic streaming creates currents and microvortices that can rotate cells or apply shear forces.

Together, these techniques allow researchers to precisely manipulate cells into any configuration in a controlled manner.

“Beyond the laboratory, we are incredibly excited about the translation of these technologies into clinical use, moving from benchtop chips to non-invasive in vivo therapies, targeted drug delivery, and the automated biofabrication of functional organs,” said Özçelik. “By establishing standardized acoustic dose metrics and merging deep learning algorithms with structured acoustic landscapes, the future of this field will completely transform how we dynamically interface with living systems, opening up exciting frontiers in personalized medicine and regenerative biology.”

Source: “Acoustic control of biophysical environments: From single-cell mechanics to tissue engineering,” by Rahime Senturk, Murat Kaynak, Eduard M. Peralbo, David A. Weitz, and Adem Özçelik, Biophysics Reviews (2026). The article can be accessed at https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0285263 .